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Human immunodeficiency virus has similar effects on brain volumetrics and cognition in males and females

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Abstract

Most studies that have examined neuropsychological impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have focused on males, yet females represent one of the largest groups of newly infected patients. Further, few studies have examined neuropsychological performance and neuroimaging outcomes among females compared to males in the modern era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The present study investigated neuropsychological performance and brain volumetrics among HIV+ males (n = 93) and females (n = 44) on stable HAART compared to HIV seronegative (HIV−) males (n = 42) and females (n = 49). Results revealed a significant effect of HIV on neuropsychological performance and neuroimaging measures. An effect of gender, independent of HIV status, was also observed for neuroimaging measures but not neuropsychological performance. Additionally, no significant differences in neuropsychological performance or brain volumetrics were seen between HIV+ males and females. No significant interaction was observed between HIV and gender on either neuropsychological or neuroimaging indices. Our results suggest that both HIV+ males and females treated with HAART experience similar outcomes in terms of brain integrity.

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Acknowledgments

The content of this study is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of NIH. This work was supported by the following grants: the National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH099979) (BA) (R01MH085604) (RP), the National Institute of Aging (R01 NS052420) (RP), and the National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR012657, R01NR014449, R01NR012907) (BA). Research was conducted and supported by the Washington University Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences (UL1 TR000448 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences).

Conflict of interest

The funding sources were not involved in the study and Ashley M. Behrman-Lay, Robert H. Paul, Jodi Heaps-Woodruff, Laurie M. Baker, Christina Usher, and Beau M. Ances declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Missouri- Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Ashley M. Behrman-Lay, Robert H. Paul, Jodi Heaps-Woodruff, Laurie M. Baker & Christina Usher

  2. Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Robert H. Paul & Jodi Heaps-Woodruff

  3. Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Beau M. Ances

  4. Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Beau M. Ances

  5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Beau M. Ances

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Behrman-Lay, A.M., Paul, R.H., Heaps-Woodruff, J. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus has similar effects on brain volumetrics and cognition in males and females. J. Neurovirol. 22, 93–103 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-015-0373-8

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