Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sprout suppression on potato: need to look beyond CIPC for more effective and safer alternatives

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Food Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

World over, potatoes are being stored at 8–12 °C (85–90 % RH). This is the most common way of long-term (up to 6 to 9 months) storage of potatoes. The benefit of storing the potatoes within the temperature range of 8–12 °C is minimum accumulation of sugars in stored potato tubers. In sub-temperate, sub-tropical and tropical countries of the world, short-term (3 to 4 months) storage of potatoes is being done by non-refrigerated traditional/on-farm methods. These short- and long-term storage methods keep the stored potatoes suitable not only for table purpose but also for processing. However, once the natural dormancy period of potato is over, the prevailing temperatures in these storage methods favour sprouting and sprout growth. Therefore, use of some sprout suppressant to check the sprout growth becomes essential under these methods of potato storage. CIPC [Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate] is the most wide spread and commonly used sprout suppressant on potatoes. CIPC has been in use for more than 50 years and research carried out over such a long period use of CIPC has not only enhanced our understanding of its properties and chemistry but also about the production and toxicological status of its metabolites/degradation products. Today, various safety issues and concerns have surfaced primarily due to continuous and long-term use of CIPC. This review presents an appraisal on CIPC and explains the reasons for the long-time dependence on this chemical as a potato sprout suppressant. Issues like maximum residue limit and acceptable daily intake limit are being discussed for CIPC. This article brings an update on practical aspects of potato storage, residue levels of CIPC, efficacy of CIPC as sprout suppressant and health and environmental safety issues linked with CIPC and its metabolites. The aim of this article is to find possible solutions, way outs and future plans that can make the sprout suppression of potatoes safer and more risk free.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Afek U, Orenstein J, Nuriel E (2000) Using HPP (hydrogen peroxide plus) to inhibit potato sprouting during storage. Am J Potato Res 77:63–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angioi S, Polati S, Roz M, Rinaudo C, Gianotti V, Gennaro MC (2005) Sorption studies of chloroanilines on kaolinite and montmorillonite. Environ Pollut 134:35–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1997) NRA special review of chlorpropham, November (1997). NRA Special Review Series 97.3, Chemical Review Section, National Registration Authority, Canberra, Australia. http://www.apvma.gov.au/products/review/docs/chlorpropham_rev.pdf. Accessed 10 February 2014

  • Anonymous (2002) CIPC suppliers prepared for residue limit. Potato Rev (Nov):20–23

  • Ashton FA, Crafts AS (1981) Mode of action of herbicides, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajji M, M'hamdi M, Gastiny F, Rojas-Beltran JA, Du Jardin P (2007) Catalase inhibition accelerates dormancy release and sprouting in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ 11:121–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bajwa U, Sandhu KS (2014) Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in food – a review. J Food Sci Technol 51:201–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balaji V, Chandra S, Goswami DA, Das SK, Mandal TK, Chakraborty AK, Bhattacharyya A (2006) Toxicokinetics, metabolism, and microsomal studies of chlorpropham in rats. Toxicol Environ Chem 88:527–539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge JL, Dalziel J, Duncan HJ (1981a) The assessment of some volatile organic compounds as sprout suppressants for ware and seed potatoes. Potato Res 24:61–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge JL, Dalziel J, Duncan HJ (1981b) Dimethlnaphthalene as a sprout suppressant for seed and ware potatoes. Potato Res 24:77–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blenkinsop RW, Copp LJ, Yada RY, Marangoni AG (2002) Effect of chlorpropham (CIPC) on carbohydrate metabolism of potato tubers during storage. Food Res Int 35:651–655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw N, Ogilvy S (2006) Food standards agency pesticide residue minimisation crop guide – potatoes. http://multimedia.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cropguidepotatodec06.pdf. Accessed 15 December 2013

  • Brajesh S, Ezekiel R (2010) Isopropyl n-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) residues in potatoes stored in commercial cold stores in India. Potato Res 53:111–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burlingame B, Mouille B, Charrondiere R (2009) Nutrients, bioactive non-nutrients and anti-nutrients in potatoes. J Food Comp Analysis 22:494–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton WG (1955) Biological and economic aspects of the refrigerated storage of potatoes. Proceedings - Institute of Refrigeration 51:168–172

  • Burton WG (1956) Suppression of sprouting of potatoes by the vapour of alcohols. Nature 178:218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton WG (1989) The potato, 3rd edn. Longman Scientific and Technical Publishers, Essex

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton WG, van Es A, Hartmans KJ (1992) The physics and physiology of storage. In: Paul H (ed) The potato crop. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 608–727

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Camire ME, Bushway RJ, Zhao JX, Perkins B, Paradis LR (1995) Fate of thiabendazole and chlorpropham residues in extruded potato peels. J Agric Food Chem 43:495–497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell MA, Gleichsner A, Alsbury R, Horvath D, Suttle J (2010) The sprout inhibitors chlorpropham and 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene elicit different transcriptional profiles and do not suppress growth through a prolongation of the dormant state. Plant Mol Biol 73:181–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canada (2011) 1, 4-Dimethylnaphthalene. Ottawa, Health Canada Pest Management Regulatory Agency. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_decisions/rd2011-06/index-eng.php. Accessed 23 March 2014

  • Carrera G, Alary J, Melgar MJ, Lamboeuf Y, Pipy B (1998) Metabolism and cytotoxicity of chlorpropham (CIPC) and its essential metabolites in isolated rat hepatocytes during a partial inhibition of sulphation and glucuronidation reaction: a comparative study. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 35:89–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandel RS, Singh B, Chandla VK, Sharma PK (2008) Use of CIPC (Isopropyl N-(3-Chlorophenyl) Carbamate) for the control of potato tuber moth in country stores. Indian J Potato 35:66–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan SS, Prakash O, Padalia RC, Vivekanand, Pant AK, Mathela CS (2011) Chemical diversity in Mentha spicata: antioxidant and potato sprout inhibition activity of its essential oils. Nat Prod Commun 6:1373–1378

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chlorpropham (2003) SANCO/3041/99-Final. European Commission: Health and Consumer Protect Directorate-General. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list_chlorpropham.pdf. Accessed 7 January 2014

  • Coleman WK, Lonergan G, Silk P (2001) Potato sprout suppression by menthone and neomenthol, volatile oil components of Minthostachs, Satureja, Bystropogon and Mentha species. Am J Potato Res 78:345–354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conte E, Imbroglini G, Bertolini P, Camoni I (1995) Presence of sprout inhibitor residues in potatoes in relation to application techniques. J Agric Food Chem 43:2985–2987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cools K, del Carmen AM, Terry LA (2014) Controlling sprouting in potato tubers using ultraviolet-C irradiance. Postharvest Biol Technol 98:106–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corsini D, Stallknecht G, Sparks W (1979) Changes in chlorpropham residues in stored potatoes. Am Potato J 56:43–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coxon DT, Filmer AAE (1985) The fate and distribution of chlorpropham when applied to stored potatoes as a sprout suppressant. Pestic Sci 16:355–363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels-Lake BJ, Prange RK, Kalt W, Liew CL, Walsh J, Dean P, Coffin R (1996) The effects of ozone and 1, 8-cineole on sprouting, fry color and sugars of stored Russet Burbank potatoes. Am Potato J 73:469–481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels-Lake BJ, Prange RK, Nowak J, Asiedu SK, Walsh JR (2005) Sprout development and processing quality changes in potato tubers stored under ethylene: 1. Effects of ethylene concentration. Am J Potato Res 82:389–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels-Lake BJ, Pruski K, Prange RK (2011) Using ethylene gas and chlorpropham potato sprout inhibitors together. Potato Res 54:223–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David B, Lhote M, Faure V, Boule P (1998) Ultrasonic and photochemical degradation of chlorpropham and 3-chloroaniline in aqueous solution. Water Res 32:2451–2461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies HV (1990) Carbohydrate metabolism during sprouting. Am Potato J 67:815–827

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis DG, Hoerauf RA, Dusbabek KE, Dougall DK (1977) Isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate and its hydroxylated metabolites: their effects on cell suspensions and cell division in soybean and carrot. Physiol Plant 40:15–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Weerd JW, Thornton MK, Shafii B (2010) Sprout suppressing residue levels of 1, 4-dimethylnaphthalene (1, 4-DMN) in potato cultivars. Am J Potato Res 87:434–445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2012) Review of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for chlorpropham according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/20051. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Journal 10:2584. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2584. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal. Accessed 11 April 2014

  • El-Awady Aml A, Moghazy AM, Gouda AEA, Elshatoury RSA (2014) Inhibition of sprout growth and increase storability of processing potato by antisprouting agent. Trends Hort Res 4:31–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EPA (1996) Registration eligibility decision (RED) - Chlorpropham (EPA-738-R-96-023). http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0271red.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2014

  • EPA (2002a) Report of FQPA tolerance reassessment progress and interim risk management decision chlorpropham. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/chlorpropham_tred.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2014

  • EPA (2002b) EPA Completes CIPC Reassessment. Potato Grower. http://www.potatogrower.com/2002/08/epa-completes-cipc-reassessment. Accessed 25 January 2014

  • EPA (2010) Classification of hazardous and non-hazardous substances in groundwater. Ireland, Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.ie/downloads/pubs/water/ground/Classification%20of%20Hazardous%20and%20Non-Hazardous%20Substances%20in%20Groundwater.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2014

  • European Commission (2008) Commission Regulation (EC) No. 149/2008 of 29 January 2008 amending regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing Annexes II, III and IV setting maximum residue levels for products covered by Annex I thereto. European Union, Brussels, 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/pesticides/legislation_en.htm. Accessed 7 May 2014

  • European Commission (2012) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 788 (2012). Concerning a coordinated multiannual control programme of the Union for 2013, 2014 and 2015 to ensure compliance with maximum residue levels of pesticides and to assess the consumer exposure to pesticide residues in and on food of plant and animal origin. Official Journal of the European Union L 235/8. http://eur-ex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:235:0008:0027:EN:PDF. Accessed 3 May 2014

  • Everts S (2012) The Maillard reaction turns 100. Chem Eng News 90:58–60

    Google Scholar 

  • EXTOXNET (1996) Pesticide information profile - Chlorpropham. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, (June, 1996). http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/choropro.htm. Accessed 11 November 2013

  • Ezekiel R, Singh B (2007) Effect of cooking and processing on CIPC residue concentrations in potatoes and processed potato products. Potato Res 50:175–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ezekiel R, Paul V, Singh J, Shekhawat GS (1999) Potato storage in India. Indian Farming 49:21–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezekiel R, Dahiya PS, Shekhawat GS (2002) Traditional methods of potato storage in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Technical Bulletin No. 57, Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezekiel R, Singh B, Kumar D, Paul V (2003) Processing quality and CIPC residue in potatoes stored at 10–12 °C in commercial cold stores applying CIPC. Indian J Plant Physiol (Special Issue): 489–494

  • Ezekiel R, Mehta A, Singh B, Kumar D, Kumar NR, Paul V, Das M (2005) CIPC [Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate] for sprout suppression in potatoes during storage. Technical Bulletin No. 69, Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezekiel R, Rani M, Kumar D (2007a) Chipping quality of potatoes stored at 8–20 °C under controlled conditions. Potato J 34:174–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezekiel R, Singh B, Kumar D, Mehta A (2007b) Processing qualities of potato varieties grown at two locations and stored at 4, 10 and 12 °C. Potato J 34:164–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezekiel R, Singh B, Datta PS (2008) Chipping quality of γ-irradiated potatoes of three Indian cultivars stored at 8, 12 and 16 °C. J Food Sci Technol 43:36–43

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2008) International year of the potato 2008. Uses of potato. http://www.potato2008.org/en/potato/utilization.html. Accessed 16 May 2014

  • FAOSTAT (2013a) http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/Q/QC/E. Accessed 1 June 2014

  • FAOSTAT (2013b) http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/FB/CC/E. Accessed 1 June 2014

  • Farawela J (2009) Microbial degradation of carbamate pesticides. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/farawela-235505-biodegradation-carbamate-insecticides-educationppt-powerpoint/2009. Accessed 17 December 2013

  • Gautam IP, Sharma MD, Khatri BB, Thapa RB, Shrestha K (2013) Storability and chips quality of chemical treated potatoes under ordinary condition. J Basic Appl Sci 9:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghazavi MA, Houshmand S (2010) Effects of mechanical damage and temperature on potato respiration rate and weight loss. World Appl Sci J 8:647–652

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Castillo D, Cruz E, Iguaz A, Arroqui C, Virseda P (2013) Effect of essential oils on sprout suppression and quality of potato cultivars. Postharvest Biol Technol 82:15–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Rodriguez RM, Rial-Otero R, Cancho-Grande B, Gonzalez-Barreiro C, Simal-Gandara J (2011) A review on the fate of pesticides during the processes within the food-production chain. Critical Rev Food Sci Nutr 51:99–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene SA, Pohanish RP (2005) Chlorpropham. In: Sittig’s handbook of pesticides and agricultural chemicals. William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, pp 211–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson EL (1988) FDA total diety study. April 1982-April 1984, dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements and other chemicals. J Assn Offic Anal Chem 71:1200–1209

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmans KJ, Diepenhorst P, Bakker W, Gorris LGM (1995) The use of carvone in agriculture: sprout suppression of potatoes and antifungal activity against potato tuber and other diseases. Industrial Crops Prod 4:3–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heikes DL (1985) Mass-spectral identification of a metabolite of chlorpropham in potatoes. J Agric Food Chem 33:246–249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HSE (2009) General guidance concerning maximum residue levels (MRLs). www.pesticides.gov.uk/food_safety.asp?id=2624. Health and safety executive 2009. Accessed 17 March 2014

  • Hutchinson PJS, Felix J, Boydston R (2014) Glyphosate carryover in seed potato: effects on mother crop and daughter tubers. Am Potato Res 91:394–403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IPY (2008) International year of the potato 2008. http://www.potato2008.org. Accessed 21 December 2013

  • Keikotlhaile BM, Spanoghe P, Steurbaut W (2010) Effects of food processing on pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: a meta-analysis approach. Food Chem Toxicol 48:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd H, James DR (1991) The agrochemicals handbook. 3rd edn. Kidd H, James DR (eds) Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge, UK

  • Kippley T (2012) CIPC’s re-registration process - Part of a 15-year cycle. Potato Grower. September, 2012. www.potatogrower.com/2012/09/cipcs-reregistration-process. Accessed 11 April 2014

  • Kleinkopf GE, Brandt TL, Frazier MJ, Moller G (1997) CIPC residues on stored russet Burbank potatoes: 1. Maximum label application. Am Potato J 74:107–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinkopf GE, Oberg NA, Olsen N (2003) Sprout inhibition in storage: current status, new chemistries and natural compounds. Am J Potato Res 80:317–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles R (2013) Potato sprout inhibitor discovered at Washington State University now approved for commericial use. Plant Health Progress. February, 2013. https://www.plantmanagementnetwork,org/pub/php/news/2013/potato. Accessed 27 May 2014

  • Knowles NR, Knowles LO (2007) Alpha, beta unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes and ketones constitute a new class of potato sprout inhibitors. Am J Potato Res 85:17

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar D, Ezekiel R (2006) Heap storage - An economical and environmentally friendly technology for storing chipping potatoes under sub-tropical climate. J Food Sci Technol 43:555–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar D, Paul V, Ezekiel R (2005) Chipping quality of potatoes stored in heap and pits in sub-tropical plains of India. Hort Sci (Prague) 32:23–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyriacou MC, Ioannides IM, Gerasopoulos D, Siomos AS (2009) Storage profiles and processing potential of four potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars under three storage temperature regimes. J Food Agric Environ 7:31–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lentza-Rizos C, Balokas A (2001) Residue levels of chlorpropham in individual tubers and composite samples of postharvest-treated potatoes. J Agric Food Chem 49:710–714

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DJ, Thorpe SA, Reynolds SL (1996) The carry-through of residues of thiabendazole, tecnazene and chlorpropham from potatoes following manufacture into potato crisps and jacket potato crisps. Food Addit Contam 13:221–229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis M, Kleinkopf GE, Shetty K (1997) Dimethylnaphthalene and diisopropylnaphthalene for potato sprout control in storage: 1. Application methodology and efficacy. Am Potato J 74:183–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu ZH, Donner E, Yada RY, Liu Q (2012a) Impact of γ-irradiation, CIPC treatment, and storage conditions on physicochemical and nutritional properties of potato starches. Food Chem 133:1188–1195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu ZH, Donner E, Yada RY, Liu Q (2012b) Rheological and structural properties of starches from gamma-irradiated and stored potatoes. Carbo Polym 87:69–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutaladio N, Castaidi L (2009) Potato: the hidden treasure. J Food Comp Analysis 22:491–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahajan BVC, Dhatt AS, Sandhu KS, Garg A (2008) Effect of CIPC (isopropyl-N (3-chlorophenyl) carbamate) on storage and processing quality of potato. J Food Agric Environ 6:34–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maillard LC (1912) Action of amino acids on sugars. Formation of melanoidins in a methodical way. Comptes rendus de l’Academie des Sciences 154:66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mamani Moreno C, Stadler T, Da Silva AA, Barbosa LCA, De-Queiroz MELR (2012) Determination of maleic hydrazide residues in garlic bulbs by HPLC. Talanta 89:369–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mani F, Bettaieb T, Doudech N, Hannachi C (2014) Physiological mechanisms for potato dormancy release and sprouting: a review. Afr Crop Sci J 22:155–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Marth PC, Schultz ES (1952) A new sprout inhibitor for potato tubers. Am Potato J 29:268–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan G, Duncan H, briddon A, Cunnington A, Jina A, saunders S (2009) Research report – Evaluation of the impact of modified storage practices on sprout suppression. Potato Council (UK). http://oldpc.be-different.co.uk/secure_downloader.php?index_id=91&secdoc_id=838. Accessed 9 July 2015

  • Mehta A, Ezekiel R (2006) Potato storage: needs, present scenario, emerging technology and future strategies - A critical appraisal. J Food Sci Technol 43:453–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta A, Ezekiel R (2010) Non-refrigerated storage of potatoes. Potato J 37:87–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta A, Kaul HA (2002) Evaluation of menthol and menthe oils as potato sprout inhibitors. J Indian Potato Assoc 29:107–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta A, Singh B, Kumar D, Ezekiel R (2007) Evaluation of CIPC sprays for sprout inhibition in potatoes under traditional storage methods. Potato J 34:69–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta A, Singh B, Ezekiel R, Kumar D (2010) Effect of CIPC on sprout inhibition and processing quality of potatoes stored under traditional storage system. Indian Potato Res 53:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meigh DF (1969) Suppression of sprouting in stored potatoes by volatile organic compounds. J Sci Food Agric 20:159–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed NMS (2012) Extraction and HPLC analysis of potato sprout suppressant chemicals. Ph. D. Thesis submitted to School of Chemistry, Environmental, Agricultural & Analytical Chemistry Section, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3454/. Accessed 27 April 2014

  • Mohammed NMS, Flowers TH, Duncan HJ (2014) Development and validation of an HPLC method for the analysis of chloroprpham and 3-choroaniline in potato extract. Chromatography Research International Article ID 108694, 5 pages. Available at http://www.hindawi.com/journals/cri/contents/

  • Mohammed NMS, Flowers TH, Duncan HJ (2015) HPLC-UV method for analysis of potato sprout inhibitor chloropropham and its metabolite 3-chloroaniline in potatoes. IOSR J Environ Sci, Toxicology Food Technol 9:78–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Mondy NI, Munshi CB, Seetharaman K (1992a) Residue levels of isopropyl n-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) in potatoes as affected by level of application, storage time and temperature and method of cooking. Food Res Int 25:375–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mondy NI, Sharada D, Munshi CB, Wurm CM (1992b) Effect of storage time, temperature and cooking on isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate concentrations in potatoes. J Agric Food Chem 40:197–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MSDS (2009) Zelam CIPC. http://www.zelam.com. Accessed 15 September 2013

  • Nagami H (1997) Residues of maleic hydrazide and chlorpropham in potato chips. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 58:764–768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagayama T, Kikugawa K (1992) Influence of frying and baking on chlorpropham residue. Japanese J Toxicol Environ Health 38:78–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NAPPO (2013) NAPPO Science and Technology Documents - ST 02: Efficacy of potato sprout control products to minimize sprout production. Prepared by Daniels-Lake B, Olsen N, Delgado H L, and Zink R. members of the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) Technical Advisory Grroup on Potato Sprout Inhibitors. http://www.nappo.org/en/data/files/download/Science_and_technology_documents/Potato_sprout_inhibition_ST_e.p. Accessed 5 February 2014

  • Noel S, Huyghebaert B, Pigeon O, Weickmans B, Mostade O (2002) Study of potatoes’ sprout inhibitor treatments with chlorpropham. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 67:431–439

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noel S, Huyghebaert B, Pigeon O, Weickmans B, Mostade O (2003) The heterogeneity of sprout inhibitor application with chlorpropham. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 68:739–748

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noel S, Huyghebaert B, Pigeon O, Weickmans B, Mostade O (2004) Study of potato sprout inhibitor treatments with chlorpropham (or CIPC). Aspects Appl Biol 71:65–73

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil MJ, Heckelman PE, Koch CB, Roman KJ, Kenny CM, D’Arecca MR (eds) (2006) The Merck Index – An Encyclopedia of Chemical, Drugs, and Biological, 14th edn. Merck & Co, Inc, Whitehouse

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen N, Frazier MJ, Ingham R, Keeling J (2011) The feasibility of irradiation as a phytosanitary tool for sprout control and nematode destruction in potato tubers for export, final report 2010–11. Report of research findings to the US National Potato Council, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosterhaven KK, Hartmans J, Scheffer JJC (1995) Inhibition of potato sprout growth by carvone enantiomers and their bioconversion in sprouts. Potato Res 38:219–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orejuela E, Silva M (2005) Rapid determination of aniline metabolites of chlorpropham in potatoes by micellar electrokinetic chromatography using negative-charged mixed micelles and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 26:2991–2998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owolabi MS, Lajide L, Oladimeji MO, Setzer WN (2010) The effect of essential oil formulations for potato sprout suppression. Nat Prod Commun 5:645–648

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paiga P, Morais S, Correia M, Delerue-Matos C, Alves A (2009) Determination of carbamate and urea pesticide residues in fresh vegetables using microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography. Int J Environ Anal Chem 89:199–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park LJ (2004) Chlorpropham distribution in potato stores and evaluation of environmental issues relating to its use. Ph.D. Thesis, Glasgow: University of Glasgow

  • Park L, Duncan H, Briddon A, Jina A, Cunnington A, Saunders S (2009) Review and development of the CIPC application process and evaluation of environmental issues. AHDB-Potato Council. http://www.potato.org.uk/sites/default/files/%5Bcurrentpage%3Aarg%3A%3F%5D/20095%20CIPC%20Final%20Report%20R243_0.pdf. Accessed 21February 2014

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R (2002) Suppression of potato sprout growth by alcohols, acetaldehyde and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid ethyl ester at higher temperatures. J Indian Potato Assoc 29:119–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R (2003a) Improved heap method of potato storage for central Indo-Gangetic plains. J Indian Potato Assoc 30:159–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R (2003b) Relationship between tuber size and storage behaviour in two potato cultivars during on-farm storage. J Indian Potato Assoc 30:161–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R (2003c) Suppression of sprout growth of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers by triadimefon. J Plant Biol 30:353–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R (2004) Evaluation of heap and pit methods of potato storage in the central Indo-Gangetic Plains. Indian J Agric Sci 74:665–668

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R (2005) Changes in temperature and relative humidity in heap and pit during storage of potatoes. Potato J 32:205–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R (2006a) Sprout suppression of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers stored at 18 °C by pre and post-harvest application of sub-lethal doses of glyphosate. Indian J Plant Physiol 21:300–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R (2006b) Inhibition of potato sprout growth by pre-harvest foliar application of glyphosate. Potato J 33:56–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul V and Ezekiel R (2013) Scientific storage options crucial for potatoes. Agric Today (Year Book), The National Agriculture Magazine, pp 134–137

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R, Singh J, Shekhawat GS (2002a) Evaluation of on-farm storage methods of potato in Indo-Gangetic plains. In: Paul Khurana SM, Shekhawat GS, Pandey SK, Singh BP (eds) Potato, global research and development (Vol. II), Proceeding of Global Conference on Potat,o Dec. 6–11, 1999, New Delhi. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, pp 1080–1085

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R, Shekhawat GS (2002b) Traditional methods of potato storage in changing scenario. Indian Farming 52(11–13):18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul V, Ezekiel R, Pandey R, Kumar D (2014) Potential of glyphosate as a sprout suppressant of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers during storage. Indian J Plant Physiol 19:293–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potato Biology (2012) http://www.14group.com/fileadmin/PDF/English_Articles/DMN_CIPC_Presentation.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2014

  • Potato Council (2013) Supply chain backs fight to retain CIPC. www.potato.org.uk/news/supply-chain-backs-fight-retain-cipc. Accessed 7 January 2014

  • Prange R, Kalt W, Daniels-Lake B, Liew C, Walsh J, Dean P, Coffin R, Page R (1997) Alternatives to currently used potato sprout suppressants. Postharvest News Information 8:37–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Prange RK, Kalt W, Daniels-Lake BJ, Liew CL, Page RT, Walsh JR, Dean P, Coffin R (1998) Using ethylene as a sprout control agent in stored ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes. J Am Soc Hort Sci 123:463–469

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prange RK, Daniels-Lake BJ, Pruski K (2005) Effects of continuous ethylene treatment on potato tubers: highlights of 14 years of research. Acta Hort 684:165–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Przybylski C, Bonnet V (2009) Combination of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as tools for investigation of the thermolytic and solvolytic effects case of carbamates analysis. J Chromatography (A) 1216:4787–4797

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rastovski A (1987) Storage losses. In: Rastovski A, van Es A (eds) Storage of potatoes: post-harvest behavior, store design, storage practice, handling. Pudoc, Wageningen, pp 177–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravanel P, Tissut M (1984) Mitochondrial changes during storage of untreated or CIPC-treated potatoes. Pestic Biochem Physiol 22:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees T, Dixen WL, Pollock CJ, Franks F (1981) Low temperature sweetening of higher plants. In: Friends J, Rhodes MJC (eds) Recent advance in the biochemistry of fruits and vegetables. Academic Press, New York, pp 41–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Rentzsch S, Podzimska D, Voegele A, Imbeck M, Muller K, Linkies A, Leubner-Metzger G (2012) Dose- and tissue-specific interaction of monoterpenes with the gibberellin-mediated release of potato tuber bud dormancy, sprout growth and induction of alpha-amylases and beta-amylases. Planta 235:137–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaee M, Almassi M, Farahani AM, Minaei S, Khodadadi M (2011) Potato sprout inhibition and tuber quality after postharvest treatment with gamma irradiation on different dates. J Agr Sci Technol 13:829–841

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie W, Boyd IMG, Duncan HJ (1983) A method for the determination of chlorpropham residues in crisps and crisp frying oil. Potato Res 26:73–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safety Data Sheet (2009) NEO STOP L 300. Available at: http://www.mercata.cz/pdf/et/Neo-Stop_L300_ 2002pdf. Accessed 16 September 2013

  • Sakaliene O, Koskinen WC, Blazauskiene G, Petroviene I (2009) Level and fate of chlorpropham in potatoes during storage and processing. J Environ Sci Health (Part B) 44:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanli A, Karadogan T, Tonguc M, Baydar H (2010) Effects of caraway (Carum carvi L.) seed on sprouting of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers under different temperature conditions. Turkish J Field Crops 15:54–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer RL, Malagamba JP (1987) Sprout inhibition. In: Talburt WF, Smith O (eds) Potato processing. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 183–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer RL, Thorne WH (1962) Alcohols for sprout inhibition of potatoes. Am Potato J 39:167–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sihtmaee M, Mortimer M, Kahru A, Blinova I (2010) Toxicity of five anilines to crustaceans, protozoa and bacteria. J Serbian Chem Soc 75:1291–1302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh B, Ezekiel R (2010) Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) residue in potatoes stored in commercial cold stores in India. Potato Res 53:111–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh B, Kaul MN, Ezekiel R (2004) Effect of isopropyl-N (3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) dusting on potato during non-refrigerated storage: Sprout suppression and residues. J Food Sci Technol 41:550–553

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skidmore MW, Paulson GD, Kuiper HA, Ohlin B, Reynolds S (2002) Bound xenobiotic residues in food commodities of plant and animal origin. Pest Management Sci 58:313–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith O (1987) Transport and storage of potatoes. In: Talburt WF, Smith O (eds) Potato Processing Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA, pp 203–286

  • Smith MJ, Bucher G (2012) Tools to study the degradation and loss of the N-phenyl carbamate chlorpropham - comprehensive review. Environ Int 49:38–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnewald U (2001) Control of potato tuber sprouting. Trends Plant Sci 6:333–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnewald S, Sonnewald U (2014) Regulation of potato tuber sprouting. Planta 239:27–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorce C, Lorenzi R, Ranalli P (1997) The effects of (S)-(+)-carvone on seed potato tuber dormancy and sprouting. Potato Res 40:155–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram IS (2011) Potato: Fluctuating fortunes - Facts for you. January, 27–28

  • Tayler PN, Gussin EJ, Leck K (1996) Control of sprouting in potatoes from applications made under commercial conditions. In: Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research. Pudoc, Wageningen, pp 589–590. PSS 25

  • Teper-Bamnolker P, Dudai N, Fischer R, Belausov E, Zemach H, Shoseyov O, Eshel D (2010) Mint essential oil can induce or inhibit potato sprouting by differential alteration of apical meristem. Planta 232:179–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topcu Y, Uzundumlu AS, Guler IO (2010) Economic effectiveness analyses of potato farms: The case of Erzurum province, Turkey. Scientific Res Essays 5:2560–2566

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsumurahasegawa Y, Tonogai Y, Nakamura Y, Ito Y (1992) Residue levels of dichlorvos, chlorpropham and pyrethrins in postharvest-treated potatoes during storage or processing into starch. J Agric Food Chem 40:1240–1244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Es A, Hartmans KJ (1987a) Dormancy, sprouting and sprout inhibition. In: Rastovski A, van Es A (eds) Storage of potatoes: Post-harvest behaviour, store design, storage practice and handling. Pudoc, Wageningen, pp 114–132

    Google Scholar 

  • van Es A, Hartmans KJ (1987b) Starch and sugars during tuberization, storage and sprouting. In: Rastovski A, van Es A (eds) Storage of potatoes: Post-harvest behavior, store design, storage practice and handling. Pudoc, Wageningen, pp 79–113

    Google Scholar 

  • van Vliet WF, Sparenberg H (1970) The treatment of potato tubers with sprout inhibitors. Potato Res 13:223–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn KC, Lehnen LP (1991) Mitotic disrupter herbicides. Weed Sci 39:450–457

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn SF, Spencer GF (1991) Volatile monotherpenes inhibit potato tuber sprouting. Am Potato J 68:821–831

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn SF, Spencer GF (1993) Naturally-occurring aromatic compounds inhibit potato tuber sprouting. Am Potato J 70:527–533

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verhagen P, De Gelder L, Hoefman S, De Vos P, Boon N (2011) Planktonic versus biofilm catabolic communities: Importance of the biofilm for species selection and pesticide degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:4728–4735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vokou D, Vareltzidou S, Katinakis P (1993) Effect of aromatic plants on potato storage: sprout suppression and antimicrobial activity. Agric Ecosystems Environ 47:223–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weerd JWD (2005) Options address CIPC limits for sprout control - Effective option offers secondary control. Potato Growers (January):76–77

  • Wilson AM, Bushway AA, Bushway RJ (1981) Residue analysis of isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate in fruits and vegetables using high performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 29:746–749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe NL, Zepp RG, Paris DF (1978) Carbaryl, propham and chlorpropham - comparison of rates of hydrolysis and photolysis with rate of biolysis. Water Res 12:565–571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worobey BL, Sun WF (1987) Isolation and identification of chlorpropham and 2 of its metabolites in potatoes by GC–MS. Chemosphere 16:1457–1462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worobey BL, Pilon JC, Sun WF (1987) Mass-spectral characterization of a halogenated azobenzene (3, 3′-dichloroazobenzene) from potato peels. J Agric Food Chem 35:325–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Authors wish to convey sincere thanks to Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla, India; Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India and the ICAR, the parent organization, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Thanks are due to the financial support provided by CPRI for the Institute Research Programme “Development of efficient potato storage methods [P1-1999/16-IPR-F-60/0210] under the Mega Project “Evaluation and improvement of traditional and modern potato storage methods”. We further wish to acknowledge the support received from the Department of Food Processing, Ministry of Agriculture for the project “

Demonstration and training to potato processing industries of improved storage technology for potatoes meant for processing purposes” and another project ”Monitoring of quality of CIPC-treated potatoes stored at 10–12 °C for export and processing” which was jointly funded by NHB and APEDA. We put forward our apologies and regret for not citing all the relevant work and literature due to limitation of space.

Conflicts of interest statement

The author’s declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Contributions by the authors

VP and RE contributed to research and writing while, RP contributed in writing and updating the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Potato Research Institute-Campus, Modipuram, Meerut, 250 110, UP, India

    Vijay Paul

  2. Crop Physiology and Post-Harvest Technology, Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla, 171 001, HP, India

    R. Ezekiel

  3. Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110 012, India

    Vijay Paul & Rakesh Pandey

  4. National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan – II, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India

    R. Ezekiel

Authors
  1. Vijay Paul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Ezekiel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rakesh Pandey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vijay Paul.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Paul, V., Ezekiel, R. & Pandey, R. Sprout suppression on potato: need to look beyond CIPC for more effective and safer alternatives. J Food Sci Technol 53, 1–18 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1980-3

Download citation

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1980-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation