Abstract
In this paper, we consider a few actual cases of mnemonic strategies among older subjects (older than 65). The cases are taken from an ethnographic study, examining how elderly adults cope with cognitive decline. We believe that these cases illustrate that the process of remembering in many cases involve a complex distributed web of processes involving both internal or intracranial and external sources. Our cases illustrate that the nature of distributed remembering is shaped by and subordinated to the dynamic characteristics of the on-going activity and to our minds suggest that research on memory and distributed cognition should focus on the process of remembering through detailed descriptions and analysis of naturally occurring situations.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The Kungsholmen project was a longitudinal study of the older population living in a part of central Stockholm, Sweden, conducted 1987–2000. For more information, see http://www.kungsholmenproject.se/
References
Bäckman, L., and R.A. Dixon. 1992. Psychological compensation: A theoretical framework. Psychological Bulletin 112(2): 259–283.
Baltes, P.B. 1997. On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny. American Psychologist 52(4): 366–380.
Bourgeois, M.S., C. Camp, M. Rose, B. White, M. Malone, J. Carr, and M. Rovine. 2003. A comparison of training strategies to enhance use of external aids by persons with dementia. Journal of Communication Disorders 36(5): 361–378.
Cavanaugh, J.C., J.G. Grady, and M. Perlmutter. 1983. Forgetting and use of memory aids in 20 to 70 year olds everyday life. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 17(2): 113–122.
Clark, A. 2005. Beyond the flesh: Some lessons from a mole cricket. Artificial Life 11(1–2): 233–244.
Clark, A. (2008). Supersizing the mind: Embodiment, action, and cognitive extension. New York: Oxford University Press.
Clark, A., and D. Chalmers. 1998. The extended mind. Analysis 58(1): 7–19.
Craik, F.I.M., and E. Bialystok. 2008. Lifespan cognitive development. In The handbook of aging and cognition, ed. F.I.M. Craik and T.A. Salthouse, 557–601. New York: Psychology Press.
Dahlbäck, N., M. Kristiansson, K. Skagerlund, and F. Stjernberg. 2011. Two ways of grounding the discussion on extended cognition. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. L. Carlson, C. Hölscher, and T. Shipley, 2347–2352. Boston: Cognitive Science Society.
De Frias, C.M., R.A. Dixon, and L. Bäckman. 2003. Use of memory compensation strategies is related to psychosocial and health indicators. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 58(1): 12–22.
De Léon, D. (2003). Artefactual Intelligence: The development and use of cognitively congenial artefacts. PhD Thesis. Lund University.
Dixon, R.A. 1999. Exploring cognition in interactive situations: The aging of N + 1 minds. In Social cognition and aging, ed. T.M. Hess and F. Blanchard-Fields, 267–290. San Diego: Academic.
Dixon, R.A., and L. Bäckman. 1995. Concepts of compensation: Integrated, differentiated, and Janus-faced. In Compensating for psychological deficits and declines: Managing losses and promoting gains, ed. R.A. Dixon and L. Bäckman, 3–20. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Dixon, R.A., C.M. De Frias, and L. Bäckman. 2001. Characteristics of self-reported memory compensation in older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 23(5): 650–661.
Dixon, R.A., G.A. Hopp, A.-L. Cohen, C.M. De Frias, and L. Bäckman. 2003. Self-reported memory compensation: Similar patterns in Alzheimer’s disease and very old adult samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 25(3): 382–390.
Fauconnier, G. 1997. Mappings in thought and language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harris, C.B., P.G. Keil, J. Sutton, A.J. Barnier, and D.J.F. McIlwain. 2011. We remember, we forget: Collaborative remembering in older couples. Discourse Processes 48(4): 267–303.
Hayes-Roth, B., and F. Hayes-Roth. 1979. A cognitive model of planning. Cognitive Science 3(4): 275–310.
Hazlehurst, B.L. 1996. Fishing for cognition: An ethnography of fishing practice in a community on the west coast of Sweden. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.
Hollnagel, E., D.D. Woods, and N. Leveson. 2006. Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts. Farnham: Ashgate Pub Co.
Hollnagel, E., J. Pariès, D.D. Woods, and J. Wreathall. 2011. Resilience engineering in practice: A guidebook. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Company.
Hutchins, E. 1995a. Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Hutchins, E. 1995b. How a cockpit remembers its speeds. Cognitive Science 19: 265–288.
Hutchins, E. 2005. Material anchors for conceptual blends. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 1555–1577.
Intons-Peterson, M.J., and J. Fournier. 1986. External and internal memory aids: When and how often do we use them? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115(3): 267–280.
Kirsh, D. 1996. Adapting the environment instead of oneself. Adaptive Behavior 4(3–4): 415–452.
Kirsh, D. 2009. Problem solving and situated cognition. In The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition, ed. P. Robbins and M. Aydede, 264–306. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kristiansson, M. (2011). Memory, aging and external memory aids: Two traditions of cognitive research and their implications for a successful development of memory augmentation. Master’s Thesis. Linköping University.
Kvavilashvili, L., and L. Fisher. 2007. Is time-based prospective remembering mediated by self-initiated rehearsals? Role of incidental cues, ongoing activity, age, and motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 136(1): 112–132.
Lave, J. 1988. Cognition in practice: Mind, mathematics and culture in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Leontiev, A.N. 1978. Activity, consciousness, and personality. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Long, T.E., K.A. Cameron, K.A. Harju, J. Lutz, and L.W. Means. 1999. Women and middle-aged individuals report using more prospective memory aids. Psychological Reports 1139–1153(85): 3.
Matthen, M. 2010. Is memory preservation? Philosophical Studies 148(1): 3–14.
McDaniel, M.A., G.O. Einstein, and L.L. Jacoby. 2008. New considerations in aging and memory. In The handbook of aging and cognition, ed. F.I.M. Craik and T.A. Salthouse, 251–310. New York: Psychology Press.
Menary, R. 2010. The extended mind. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Michaelian, K. 2011. Generative memory. Philosophical Psychology 24(3): 323–342.
Michaelian, K. 2012. Is external memory memory? Biological memory and extended mind. Consciousness and Cognition. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.04.008.
Neisser, U. 1982. Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts. San Francisco: Freeman.
Nilsson, L.-G. 2003. Memory function in normal aging. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 179: 7–13.
Norman, D.A. 1991. Cognitive Artifacts. In Designing interaction: Psychology at the human–computer interface, ed. J.M. Carroll, 17–38. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Park, D. C., and M. Minear. 2004. Cognitive aging: New directions for old theories. In New frontiers in cognitive aging, eds. R. A. Dixon, and L. Bäckman (Eds.) (pp. 19–40). New York: Oxford University Press.
Salomon, G. 1993. Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Salthouse, T. 2011. Consequences of age-related cognitive declines. Annual Review of Psychology 63(5): 1–26.
Sutton, D. 2009a. The mindful kitchen, the embodied cook: Tools, technology and knowledge transmission on a Greek Island. Material Culture Review 70(Fall): 63–68.
Sutton, J. 2009b. The feel of the world: Exograms, habits, and the confusion of types of memory. In Memento: Philosophers on film, ed. A. Kania, 65–86. London: Routledge.
Sutton, J. 2010. Exograms and interdisciplinarity: History, the extended mind and the civilizing process. In The extended mind, ed. R. Menary, 189–226. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tribble, E.B. 2005. Distributing cognition in the globe. Shakespeare Quarterly 56(2): 135–155.
Tribble, E.B. 2011. Cognition in the Globe: Attention and memory in Shakespeare’s theatre. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Vygotsky, L.S. 1978. Mind in society—The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wu, M., J. Birnholtz, B. Richards, R. Baecker, M. Massimi, S. G. Street, and K. Hall. 2008. Collaborating to remember: A distributed cognition account of families coping with memory impairments. In Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 825–834.
Acknowledgements
We thank the reviewers and editors for helpful constructive critique and detailed comments on earlier versions of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dahlbäck, N., Kristiansson, M. & Stjernberg, F. Distributed Remembering Through Active Structuring of Activities and Environments. Rev.Phil.Psych. 4, 153–165 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-012-0122-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-012-0122-3