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‘Don’t be Such a Baby!’ Competence and Age as Intersectional Co-markers on Children’s Gender

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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to show how norms about age intersect with gender and thus create social positions about incompetent and competent children. The paper also analyzes the relationship between gender, incompetence, and notions of ‘the baby.’ The theoretical framework uses concepts taken from gender theory (Butler, Gender trouble. Feminism and the subversion of identity, 1990, Bodies that matter. On the discursive limits of ‘sex,’ 1993; Thurén, Kvinnovetenskaplig Tidskrift 3–4:69–85, 1996) and the data are analyzed from an intersectional perspective with regard to gender and age. The material is taken from ethnographic observations conducted over the course of two years at two Swedish preschools. The result shows that norms about age and competence in early childhood are stressed in different ways at preschools. Norms about age often manifest in relation to incompetence. In the study, older preschool children understood the meaning of ‘incompetence’ as lacking control and acting in ways that could be disciplined in various ways depending on the child’s gender. Age is also a marker of status among children and all the children we observed wanted to be identified as ‘big.’ We conclude that when age is emphasized, gender norms are also stressed. The notion of ‘being a baby’ constitutes a powerful way to police the border between those who are and are not gendered subjects. This study highlights the importance that age holds even for young children as they negotiate and naturalize the notions of two different genders. It also shows how important it is to be clearly gendered in order to be understood and be considered normal.

Résumé

L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment les normes sur l’âge entrecroisent celles sur le genre et créent ainsi des positions sociales sur les enfants incompétents et compétents. L’article analyse aussi la relation entre le genre, l’incompétence et les notions de « bébé ». Le cadre théorique utilise des concepts tirés de la théorie du genre (Butler 1990, 1993; Thurén 1996) et les données sont analysées d’un point de vue entrecroisé eu égard au genre et à l’âge. Les données proviennent d’observations ethnographiques menées pendant deux ans dans deux centres préscolaires suédois. Les résultats montrent que les normes sur l’âge et la compétence en petite enfance sont marquées de différentes façons dans les centres préscolaires. Les normes relatives à l’âge se manifestent souvent en relation avec l’incompétence. Dans l’étude, les enfants préscolaires plus âgés comprennent « l’incompétence » comme un manque de contrôle et des façons d’agir qui peuvent être disciplinées de manières variant selon le sexe de l’enfant. L’âge est aussi un marqueur de statut parmi les enfants et tous les enfants que nous avons observés voulaient être identifiés comme « grands ». Nous en concluons que lorsque l’accent est mis sur l’âge, les normes relatives au genre sont aussi marquées. La notion « d’être bébé » constitue un moyen puissant pour établir la frontière entre ceux qui sont et ne sont pas des sujets définis par le genre. Cette étude souligne l’importance que revêt l’âge même chez les jeunes enfants alors qu’ils négocient et s’approprient les notions de deux genres différents. Elle montre aussi comme il est important d’être clairement identifié par rapport au genre afin d’être compris et d’être considéré normal.

Resumen

La discusión sobre “el niño capaz” ha penetrado la política y la práctica preescolar, tal vez, particularmente en los países nórdicos. El fin de este artículo es demostrar cómo las normas sobre la edad interceptan con el género y crean definiciones de niños incapaces y capaces. Adicionalmente, analizaremos la relación entre género, incapacidad y el concepto del “bebé”. Argumentaremos como la categorización del “niño incapaz” define quién es considerado capaz y normal. En adición, esta normalidad es condicionada por el género. El marco teórico se basa en los conceptos extraídos de las teorías sobre el género (Butler 1990, 1993; Thurén 1996) y en los datos analizados desde un punto de vista interseccional con respecto al género y la edad. El material deriva de observaciones etnográficas realizadas durante el curso de dos años en dos preescolares suecos. Los resultados muestran que las normas sobre el sexo y la capacidad en la primera infancia son acentuadas de diferentes formas en los preescolares, tal vez incluso en formas inconscientes. Un preescolar de más edad es definido como incompetente si le falta autocontrol, sus acciones van a ser disciplinadas de diferentes maneras dependiendo en el sexo del niño. Una de las conclusiones fue que cuando la edad es enfatizada, las normas de género son igualmente acentuadas. El estudio manifiesta la importancia crucial que la edad tiene también para los niños pequeños en el proceso de negociar y naturalizar dos diferentes sexos y la importancia de ser clasificado en un género para verse comprendido y normal.

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Correspondence to Mia Heikkilä.

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All names on persons or preschools in this paper are fictitious.

The word ‘big’ refers in Swedish, and especially when children speak Swedish, both to older age and a taller and larger body size.

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Hellman, A., Heikkilä, M. & Sundhall, J. ‘Don’t be Such a Baby!’ Competence and Age as Intersectional Co-markers on Children’s Gender. IJEC 46, 327–344 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-014-0119-4

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