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Hidden diversity in the morphologically variable script lichen (Graphis scripta) complex (Ascomycota, Ostropales, Graphidaceae)

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Abstract

Graphis scripta, or script lichen, is a well-known species of crustose lichenized fungi, widely distributed in the temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere. It is now considered to be a species complex, but because of the lack of secondary chemistry and paucity of measurable morphological characters, species delimitation within the complex has been challenging and is thus far based on apothecium and ascospore morphology. In this study, we employed molecular as well as morphological data to assess phylogenetic structure and delimitation of lineages within the G. scripta complex. We generated sequences for four genetic markers (mtSSU, nuLSU, RPB2, and EF-1) and performed phylogenetic analyses. The resulting trees were used to determine the number of distinct lineages by applying a general mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) model and species tree estimation through maximum likelihood (STEM). Our analyses suggest between six and seven putative species within the G. scripta complex. However, these did not correspond to the taxa that were recently distinguished based on apothecium morphology and could not be circumscribed with the morphological characters that were traditionally used in the classification of the complex. Any formal taxonomic treatment will require additional sampling and evaluation of additional traits that potentially can characterize these clades.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Kyle Huff (Roosevelt University) for helping with morphological measurements. The molecular work was performed at the Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution at The Field Museum (Chicago).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Science and Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA

    Ekaphan Kraichak, Robert Lücking, Matthew P. Nelsen & H. Thorsten Lumbsch

  2. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Ekaphan Kraichak

  3. ABL Herbarium, G.v.d. Veenstraat 107, 3762 XK, Soest, The Netherlands

    Andre Aptroot

  4. Botanische Staatssammlung, München, Germany

    Andreas Beck

  5. Genossenschaftsstraße 71, 75173, Pforzheim, Germany

    Patrick Dornes

  6. Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde, Bad Dürkheim, Germany

    Volker John

  7. Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, USA

    James C. Lendemer

  8. Rabenberg 41, 4910, Ried/Tumeltsham, Austria

    Gerhard Neuwirth

  9. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Aparna Nutakki

  10. Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand

    Sittiporn Parnmen

  11. Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Sohrabi

  12. Museum of Natural History, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Tor Tønsberg

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  1. Ekaphan Kraichak
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Kraichak, E., Lücking, R., Aptroot, A. et al. Hidden diversity in the morphologically variable script lichen (Graphis scripta) complex (Ascomycota, Ostropales, Graphidaceae). Org Divers Evol 15, 447–458 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0219-5

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