Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Behavioral characteristics and structural stability of the walls in the ancient Korean Royal Tombs from the sixth century Baekje Kingdom

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Royal Tombs at Songsanri have played considerable roles in the study of Baekje history since the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong was excavated, in untouched condition, in 1971. However, the stability of the Royal Tombs at Songsanri has been threatened by constant exposure to the external environment and infiltration by rainwater. In this study, behavioral monitoring of the walls was conducted using tilt sensors to obtain very precise data about the deformation of the structurally vulnerable walls, evaluate their behavioral characteristics and the influence of environmental changes on these behaviors, and diagnose the structural stability of the ancient tombs. In tomb no. 5, with the exception of relatively rapid behavioral changes attributed to the stabilization process of the tilt sensors, the walls remained stable. However, abnormal changes were observed at several positions in the walls of tomb no. 6 and the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong. These changes were attributed to environmental changes. Furthermore, the abnormal changes in the walls were found to coincide with increases in the soil water content due to rainfall and artificial environmental changes caused by the investigations in the tombs. These findings are expected to be useful in creating policies and designing countermeasures to preserve these historically and culturally valuable tombs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Addabbo T, Fort A, Mugnaini M, Panzardi E, Pozzebon A (2019) A city-scale IoT architecture for monumental structures monitoring. Measurement 131:349–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basto C, Pelà L, Chacón R (2017) Open-source digital technologies for low-cost monitoring of historical constructions. J Cultural Heritage 25:31–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binda L, Saisi A, Tiraboschi C (2000) Investigation procedures for the diagnosis of historic masonries. Constr Build Mater 14:199–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burland JB, Jamiolkowski M, Viggiani C (1998) Establishing the leaning tower of Pisa. Bull Eng Geol Env 57:91–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cultural Heritage Administration (1974) Excavation report of the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong. Research Report, pp 1–286

  • Gentile C, Guidobaldi M, Saisi A (2016) One-year dynamic monitoring of a historic tower: damage detection under changing environment. Meccanica 51:2873–2889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han KS (2011) Making technique studies of mural paintings in the no. 6 tomb of Songsanri, Gongju. J Conserv Sci 27:451–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Hester J, Prabhu S, Atamturktur S, Sorber J (2017) Remote and wireless long-term vibration monitoring of historic monuments. Procedia Eng 199:3302–3307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang SY, Lee CH (2013) Production and supply of bricks from the Songsanri Tomb Complex. Korean Ancient Hist Soc 82:27–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Jo YH, Lee CH (2014) Behavioral monitoring and stability evaluation of Korean stone pagoda in Magoksa Temple using tiltmeter sensor. Int J Appl Eng Res 9:14659–14668

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim HS, Cha GC, Jung SJ, Kim WJ, Bae BS, Kim DM (2012) Structural behavior analysis of arched stone bridges considering arch types. J Architect Inst Korea Struct Constr 28:91–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Kita A, Cavalagli N, Ubertini F (2019) Temperature effects on static and dynamic behavior of Consoli Palace in Gubbio, Italy. Mech Syst Signal Process 120:180–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kümpel H-J, Peters JA, Bower DR (1988) Nontidal tilt and water table variations in a seismically active region in Quebec, Canada. Tectonophysics 152:253–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SK (1993) Shallow-depth tilt monitoring for engineering application. J Eng Geol 3:279–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzoni F, Casarin F, Caldon M, Islami K, Modena C (2016) Uncertainty quantification in structural health monitoring: applications on cultural heritage buildings. Mech Syst Signal Process 66–67:268–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masciotta MG, Ramos LF, Lourenço PB (2017) The importance of structural monitoring as a diagnosis and control tool in the restoration process of heritage structures: a case study in Portugal. J Cultural Heritage 27:36–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesquita E, Arêde A, Pinto N, Antunes P, Varum H (2018) Long-term monitoring of a damaged historic structure using a wireless sensor network. Eng Struct 161:108–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira VN, Fernandes J, Matos JC, Oliveira DV (2016) Reliability-based assessment of existing masonry arch railway bridges. Constr Build Mater 115:544–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roje-Bonacci T, Miščević P, Salvezani D (2014) Non-destructive monitoring methods as indicators of damage caused on Cathedral of St. Lawrence in Trogir, Croatia. J Cultural Heritage 15:424–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saisi A, Gentile C, Ruccolo A (2016) Pre-diagnostic prompt investigation and static monitoring of a historic bell-tower. Constr Build Mater 122:833–844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saisi A, Gentile C, Ruccolo A (2017) Static and dynamic monitoring of a cultural heritage bell-tower in Monza, Italy. Procedia Eng 199:3356–3361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suh MC, Park EJ (1997) Characteristics of subsurface movement and safety of the Songsanri tomb site of the Baekje dynasty using tiltmeter system. J Eng Geol 7:191–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Tóth AR, Orbán Z, Bagi K (2009) Discrete element analysis of a stone masonry arch. Mech Res Commun 36:469–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ubertini F, Gabriele C, Cavalagli N (2016) Vibration-based structural health monitoring of a historic bell-tower using output-only measurements and multivariate statistical analysis. Struct Health Monit 15:438–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ubertini F, Gabriele C, Cavalagli N, Pisello AL, Materazzi AL, Cotana F (2017) Environmental effects on natural frequencies of the San Pietro bell tower in Perugia, Italy, and their removal for structural performance assessment. Mech Syst Signal Process 82:307–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verstrynge E, Wilder K, Drougkas A, Voet E, Van Balen K, Wevers M (2018) Crack monitoring in historical masonry with distributed strain and acoustic emission sensing techniques. Constr Build Mater 162:898–907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye XW, Xi PS, Su YH, Chen B, Han JP (2018) Stochastic characterization of wind field characteristics of an arch bridge instrumented with structural health monitoring system. Struct Saf 71:47–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, 32588, Republic of Korea

    Sung Han Kim, Chan Hee Lee & Young Hoon Jo

Authors
  1. Sung Han Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chan Hee Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Young Hoon Jo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chan Hee Lee.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kim, S.H., Lee, C.H. & Jo, Y.H. Behavioral characteristics and structural stability of the walls in the ancient Korean Royal Tombs from the sixth century Baekje Kingdom. Environ Earth Sci 79, 81 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-8819-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-8819-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation