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Salt damage and microclimate in the Postumius Tomb, Roman Necropolis of Carmona, Spain

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Abstract

The necropolis of Carmona (Seville, Spain) is one of the most significant Roman burial sites in southern Spain used during the first and second centuries ad. Of its more than 600 tombs, the Postumius Tomb is one of the best examples of a tomb affected by severe salt damage. To define safe microclimatic conditions for its conservation, environmental parameters were recorded from June 2007 to April 2009, both inside and outside the tomb, and mineralogical, textural, petrophysical, and durability characterization studies of the host-rock were made. Experimental tests revealed a high susceptibility to salt deterioration of a host-rock (calcarenite) with low mechanical properties and a complex porous medium that favors salt weathering, water condensation, and capillary rise. The analysis of the weathered material showed the presence chiefly of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), thenardite (Na2SO4) and halite (NaCl) in the tomb of Postumius, with alteration that was more intensive in spring and autumn, and less so during summer months. Salt damage activity was calculated by quantifying the number of transitions of crystallization–dissolution of saline phases. The calculated seasonality for water condensation and salt damage is coeval. The host-rock alteration is in accord with the estimated salt decay, and was more intensive in spring and autumn and less so during summer. The seasonality of halite transitions is similar to that of the sodium sulfate system, which suggests that salt weathering is produced by the two types of salts. By combining different methodological approaches (pore structure, water condensation, salt and environmental conditions), it is possible to explain why salt crystallization occurs in a tomb with hygrometric conditions that are not suitable for this process to occur. These methodological approaches are also used to other rock-decaying processes, such as the development of microorganisms, clay swelling and calcite dissolution by NaCl- and CO2-rich pore waters, and can be used to predict safe threshold microclimatic conditions that minimize all rock-decaying processes.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge funding from the Consejeria de Cultura (project “Estudio integral del estado de conservación del Conjunto Arqueológico de Carmona”) and Consejeria de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa (project P06-RNM-2318). All Carmona Archeological Complex staff members are acknowledged for their collaboration throughout the whole research period.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Petrología Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain

    D. Benavente & J. C. Cañaveras

  2. Departamento de Geología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain

    S. Sanchez-Moral & A. Fernandez-Cortes

  3. Geomnia Natural Resources SLNE, C/ Anastasio Nieto 11, oficina 25, 28440, Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain

    J. Elez

  4. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain

    C. Saiz-Jimenez

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  1. D. Benavente
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  2. S. Sanchez-Moral
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  3. A. Fernandez-Cortes
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  4. J. C. Cañaveras
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  5. J. Elez
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  6. C. Saiz-Jimenez
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Correspondence to D. Benavente.

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Benavente, D., Sanchez-Moral, S., Fernandez-Cortes, A. et al. Salt damage and microclimate in the Postumius Tomb, Roman Necropolis of Carmona, Spain. Environ Earth Sci 63, 1529–1543 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0815-9

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