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Prevalence of gallstone disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and the risk factors in North Indian population: A case control study

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Abstract

Background

Age, female sex, and obesity are considered to be risk factors for gallstone disease. The role of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in gallstone formation is still uncertain, and data in Indians is limited.

Objectives

This is a case–control study to determine the prevalence of gallstones (GS) in patients with T2D, risk factors, and the relative risk compared with subjects without diabetes, selected from the general population.

Methods

Among 450 cases with T2D of a ≥2-year duration, 377 (88.8 %) participated. Diagnosis of GS was made at ultrasonography and history of cholecystectomy for GS. Controls were selected from the general population and diabetes excluded by oral glucose tolerance test. Cases and controls were matched for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI).

Results

Gallstones were seen in 67 (17.7 %) cases compared to 40 (5.8 %) in controls (p = 0.001). Prevalence increased with increasing age with peak in the sixth decade (23.4 % in cases and 4.4 % in controls (p = 0.001) and was higher in women (27.9 %) in cases and (7.8 %) in controls, (p = 0.001). In univariate analysis, risk factors for GS included age, female sex, BMI, multiparity, family history of GS, and high triglycerides and cholesterol with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In multivariate analysis, age, (relative risk [RR] 1.54, confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.1), female sex (RR 1.6, CI 1.0–1.9), and BMI (RR 1.5, CI 1.3–2.5) were the independent risk factors in gallstone formation.

Conclusion

Patients with T2D had higher probability of having GS compared to the general population. Increasing age, female sex, and higher BMI were independently associated with gallstone disease.

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Conflict of interest

JSS, SAZ, SK, AS, GJ, BAL, SP, BAK, GNY, AS, GMG, and MAK all declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethics statement

The study was performed in a manner to conform with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 and 2008 concerning Human and Animal Rights, and the authors followed the policy concerning Informed Consent as shown on http://www.springer.com.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gastroenterology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190 011, India

    Jaswinder Singh Sodhi, Showkat Ali Zargar, Shafkatullah Khateeb, Abid Showkat, Gul Javid, Shaheena Parveen, Bashir Ahmad Khan, Ghulam Nabi Yattoo, Altaf Shah, Ghulam Mohd Gulzar & Mushtaq Ahmed Khan

  2. Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190 011, India

    Bashir Ahmad Laway

Authors
  1. Jaswinder Singh Sodhi
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  2. Showkat Ali Zargar
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  3. Shafkatullah Khateeb
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  4. Abid Showkat
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  5. Gul Javid
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  7. Shaheena Parveen
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  8. Bashir Ahmad Khan
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  9. Ghulam Nabi Yattoo
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  10. Altaf Shah
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  11. Ghulam Mohd Gulzar
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  12. Mushtaq Ahmed Khan
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Correspondence to Jaswinder Singh Sodhi.

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Sodhi, J.S., Zargar, S.A., Khateeb, S. et al. Prevalence of gallstone disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and the risk factors in North Indian population: A case control study. Indian J Gastroenterol 33, 507–511 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-014-0502-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-014-0502-y

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