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Dioxins from Biomass Combustion: An Overview

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Abstract

Biomass combustion originating both from human activities and behaviour and from natural causes, has caused considerable concern as a result of the numerous pollutants emitted into the atmosphere, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls, or in brief dioxins. The contribution of dioxins emissions from biomass combustion becomes more and more important, especially since evident guided emissions—principally from waste incineration and metallurgy—have been curtailed drastically. Different types of biofuels feature different chemical components, including cellulose, lignin, and proteins, and accompanying organic and inorganic compositions, thus showing different characteristics of dioxins generation. Combustion modes, either flaming or smouldering combustion, also show considerable influence on the amounts of dioxins emitted from the system and they may host distinct processes for forming dioxins. Lean in chlorine and catalytic copper, native biomass materials usually produce low emission factors. However, various contaminants are inevitably mixed into biofuels during combustion and significantly promote the dioxins generation. Emission factor data from a wide range of biomass burning sources are collated in the present review, suggesting that dioxins emissions are substantially influenced by the facilities used, their operating conditions and combustion processes, fuel composition, accidental addition of contaminants, etc. Their roles in biomass combustion and dioxins formation pathways, however, remain difficult to quantify, resulting in emission factor values stretching over several orders of magnitude and complicating the efforts to build a comprehensive global estimation of dioxins emissions from biomass burning.

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Abbreviations

2,4-D:

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

ACQ:

Ammoniacal copper quaternary

APCD:

Air pollution control devices

ar:

As-received

BFRs:

Brominated flame retardants

BTEX-aromatics:

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes

CBA:

Copper boron azole

CBz:

Chlorobenzenes

CCA:

Chromated copper arsenate

CH4 :

Methane

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CP:

Chlorophenols

daf:

Dry-ash-free

dl-PCBs:

Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

EFs:

Emission factors

EPA:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

FC:

Fixed carbon

HCBz:

Hexachlorobenzene

I-TEQ:

International toxic equivalence quantity

MSWIs:

Municipal solid waste incinerators

NMOC:

Non-methane organic compounds

O3 :

Photochemical ozone

OBTF:

Open Burning Test Facility

P:

Poly-

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCDD/Fs:

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

PCDDs:

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

PCDFs:

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans

PE:

Polyethylene

PICs:

Products of incomplete combustion

PM:

Particulate matter

PVC:

Polyvinylchloride

REP:

Relative effect potency

SOA:

Secondary organic aerosol

TCDD:

Tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin

TEFs:

Toxic equivalency factors

TEQ:

Toxic equivalency

UNEP:

United Nations Environment Programme

VM:

Volatile matter

WHO-TEQ:

World Health Organization toxic equivalence quantity

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Acknowledgments

The Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to University (B08026) and the PaoYu-Kong International Fund financed this study. The text was presented as a Keynote Paper at the WasteEng2016 Conference, May 23–26, held at Albi (France). We thank Prof. Ange Nzihou and his collaborators for the perfect organisation.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Mengmei Zhang, Alfons Buekens & Xiaodong Li

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  1. Mengmei Zhang
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  2. Alfons Buekens
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  3. Xiaodong Li
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Correspondence to Xiaodong Li.

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Alfons Buekens: Formerly at Chemical Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.

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Zhang, M., Buekens, A. & Li, X. Dioxins from Biomass Combustion: An Overview. Waste Biomass Valor 8, 1–20 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9744-5

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