Abstract
Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity were precisely measured for surface and bottom waters in Gwangyang Bay, Korea, during the four seasons to assess seasonal variations of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag). Both the surface and bottom waters were undersaturated with respect to aragonite during summer but were supersaturated during the other seasons. The summertime undersaturation of the surface waters with respect to aragonite may have been a result of the dilution effect caused by higher seasonal river runoff. In the bottom waters, the average DIC concentration increased by 40.6 μmol kg™1 from spring to summer, while the average alkalinity decreased by 74.7 μeq kg™1. As a result, the alkalinity/DIC ratio decreased from 1.07 in spring to 1.01 in summer and pH also decreased from 7.91 to 7.48, which resulted in the summertime undersaturation of the bottom waters.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bates NR, Mathis JT, Cooper LW (2009) Ocean acidification and biologically induced seasonality of carbonate mineral saturation states in the western Arctic Ocean. J Geophy Res 114:C11007
Borges AV, Schiettecatte L-S, Abril G, Delille B, Gazeau F (2006) Carbon dioxide in European coastal waters. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 70:375–387
Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2003) Anthropogenic carbon and oceanic ocean pH. Nature 425:365
Cao Z, Dai M, Zheng N, Wang D, Li Q, Zhai W, Meng F, Gan J (2011) Dynamics of the carbonate system in a large continental shelf system under the influence of both a river plume and coastal upwelling. J Geophy Res 116:G02010. doi:10.1029/2010JG001596
Chierici M, Fransson A (2009) Calcium carbonate saturation in the surface water of the Arctic Ocean: Undersaturation in freshwater influenced shelves. Biogeosciences 6:2421–2432
Dickson AG, Millero FJ (1987) A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep-Sea Res A 34:1733–1743
Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Kleypas JA (2009) Ocean acidification: The other CO2 problem. Ann Rev Mar Sci 1:169–192
Feely RA, Sabine CL, Hernandez-Ayon JM, Lanson D, Hales B (2008) Evidence for upwelling of corrosive “Acidified” water onto the continental shelf. Science 320:1490–1492
Feely RA, Alin SR, Newton J, Sabine CL, Warner M, Devol A, Krembs C, Maloy C (2010) The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH ad carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 88:442–449
Gattuso J-P, Frankignoulle M, Bourge I, Romaine S, Buddmeier RW (1998) Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification. Global Planet Change 18:37–46
Gazeau F, Quiblier C, Jansen JM, Gattuso J-P, Middelburg JJ, Heip CHR (2007) Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification. Geophys Res Lett 34:L07603
Green MA, Jones ME, Boudreau CL, Moore RL, Westman BA (2004) Dissolution mortality of juvenile bivalves in coastal marine deposits. Limnol Oceanogr 49:727–734
Han MW, Chang KI, Park YC (2001) Distribution and hydrodynamic model of the Keumdong oil spill in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. Environ Int 26:457–463
Howland RJM, Tappin AD, Uncles RJ, Plummer DH, Bloomer NJ (2000) Distributions and seasonal variability of pH and alkalinity in the Tweed Estuary, UK. Sci Total Environ 251/252:125–138
Ishimatsu A, Kikkawa T, Hayashi M, Lee KS, Kita J (2004) Effects of CO2 on marine fish: Larvae and adults. J Oceanogr 60:731–741
Jiang L-Q, Cai W-J, Feely RA, Wang Y, Guo X, Gledhill DK, Hu X, Arzayus F, Chen F, Hartmann J, Zhang L (2010) Carbonate mineral saturation states along the U.S. East Coast. Limnol Oceanogr 55:2424–2432
Kim D, Choi S-H, Yang E-J, Kim K-H, Jeong J-H, Kim YO (2013) Biologically mediated seasonality of aragonite saturation states in Jinhae Bay, Korea. J Coast Res 29:1420–1426
KORDI (2012) Development of Marine Ecosystem Health Index (MEHI) in the Special Management areas of the South Sea. KORDI, Technical Report BSPN98582-10041-3, 396 p
Mathis JT, Cross JN, Bates NR (2011) Coupling primary production and terrestrial runoff to ocean acidification and carbonate mineral suppression in the eastern Baring Sea. J Geophy Res 116:C02030
Mehrbach C, Culberson CH, Hawley JE, Pytkowicz RM (1973) Measurement of apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol Oceanogr 18:897–907
Mucci A (1983) The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various salinities, temperature, and one atmosphere to total pressure. Am J Sci 283:781–799
Lewis E, Wallace DWR (1998) Program developed for CO2 system calculations. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Orr JC, Fabry VJ, Aumnot O, Bopp L, Doney SC, Feely RA, Gnanadesikan A, Gruber N, Ishida A, Joos F, Key, RM, Linsay K, Maier-Reimer E, Matear R, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Najjar RG, Plattner GK, Rodgers KB, Sabine CL, Samiento JL, Schlitzer R, Slater RD, Totterdell IJ, Weirig MF, Yamanaka Y, Yool A (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437:681–686
Raymond PA, Bauer JE, Cole JJ (2000) Atmospheric CO2 evasion, dissolved inorganic carbon production, and net heterotrophy in the York River estuary. Limnol Oceanogr 45:1707–1717
Reibesell U, Zondervan I, Rost B, Tortell PD, Zeebe R, Morel FMM (2000) Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 407:364–367
Sabine CL, Feely RA, Gruber N, Key RM, Lee K, Bullister JL, Wanninkhof R, Wong CS, Wallace DWR, Tilbrook B, Millero FJ, Peng TH, Kozyr A, Ono T, Rios AF (2004) The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science 305:367–371
Salisbury J, Green M, Hunt C, Campbell J (2008) Coastal acidification by rivers: a threat to shellfish? EOS 89:513–528
Zeebe RE, Zachos JC, Calderira K, Tyrrell T (2008) Carbon emission and acidification. Science 321:5885
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, D., Yang, EJ., Baek, S.H. et al. Aragonite undersaturation in Gwangyang Bay, South Korea: Effects of fresh water input. Ocean Sci. J. 49, 223–230 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-014-0022-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-014-0022-9