Abstract
The honeydew of Marchalina hellenica is collected by honeybees for pine honey production, which is of great economic importance in Turkey. During 2009–2011 we investigated the predators of M. hellenica, which is distributed mainly in the areas with a Mediterranean climate – in the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. The findings showed that M. hellenica has many predators in the studied areas and that these play an important role in the forest ecosystem. These predators are: Anystis baccarum (L.) (Acarina: Anystidae); Allothrombium triticium Zhang and Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing (Acarina: Trombidiidae); Neoleucopis kartliana (Tanasijtshuk) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae); Myrrha octodecimguttata (L.), Rodolia cardinalis Mulstant, Scymnus subvillosus (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Dichochrysa genei (Rambur), Dichochrysa prasina (Burmeister) and Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); Wesmaelius subnebulosus (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae), Cardiastethus nazarenus Reuter and Elatophilus pachycnemis Horváth (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). The most efficient and common predator was N. kartliana, here recorded for the first time from Turkey.
References
Anon. (2007). Çam Pamuklu Biti çalıştayı Sonuç Bildirgesi, Muğla, Turkey (in Turkish).
Argyriou, L. C., Stavraki, H. G., & Mourikis, P. A. (1976). A list of recorded entomophagous insects of Greece. Athens, Greece: Benaki Phytopathological Institute.
Aspöck, H., Aspöck, U., & Hölzel, H. (1980). Die Neuropteren Europas. Eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der Systematik, Ökologie und Chorologie der Neuropteroidea (Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Planipennia) Europas. Krefeld, Germany: Goecke & Evers.
Aspöck, H., Hölzel, H., & Aspöck, U. (2001). Kommentierter Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpaläarktis. Denisia, 02.
Bayram, Ş., & Çobanoğlu, S. (2005). Parasitism of Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy, 1762) (Homoptera: Aphididae) by larvae of Allothrombium triticium Zhang, 1995 (Acarina: Trombidiidae) and Erythraeus (Erythraeus) ankaraicus Saboori, Cobanoglu & Bayram, 2004 (Acarina: Erythraeidae) larvae on Phragmites austrialis L. (Poaceae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 29, 163–171.
Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D. R., & Gibson, G. A. P. (2013). ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the World. Scales in a Region Query Results. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm (Accessed 20 February 2013).
Bodenheimer, F. S. (1953). The Coccoidea of Turkey III. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Istanbul (Ser. B), 18, 91–164.
Bodenheimer, F. S. (1958). Türkiye’de ziraata ve ağaçlara zararlı olan böcekler ve bunlarla savaş hakkında bir Etüt. Ankara, Turkey: Bayur Matbaası (in Turkish).
Canard, M. (2001). Natural food and feeding habits of lacewings. In P. McEwen, T. R. New, & A. Whittington (Eds.), Lacewings in the crop environment (pp. 116–129). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, P. R., Zhang, Z. Q., Wang, X. Y., Xu, W. I., & Gao, Z. L. (1994). Allothrombium triticium Ewing (Acari: Trombidiidae), an important early-season natural enemy of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom.: Aphididae) in cotton. Journal of Applied Entomology, 117, 113–155.
Cheng, H. Y., & Ming, W. J. (1979). Population dynamics and biological control of Matsucoccus matsumurae Kuwana (Homoptera: Margarodidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 22, 149–155.
Cheng, H. Y., Ming, W. J., & Ge, Q. J. (1983). Experiments on integrated pest control of Matsucoccus matsumurae Kuwana. Journal of Nanjing Technological College of Forest Products, 1, 11–30.
Cuthbertson, A. G. S., & Murchie, A. K. (2005). Anystis baccarum – an apple orchard assassin. Biologist, 52, 324–327.
Cuthbertson, A. G. S., & Murchie, A. K. (2010). Ecological benefits of Anystis baccarum in an orchard ecosystem and the need for its conservation. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 7, 807–813.
Drea, J. J., & Gordon, R. D. (1990). Predators. Coccinellidae. In D. Rosen (Ed.) The armored scale insects, their biology, natural enemies, and control (pp. 19–37). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
Düzgüneş, Z. (1970). Natural enemies of scale insects and their control in Turkey. VIIth International Congress of Plant Protection (Paris, France). pp. 490–491.
Düzgüneş, Z., Toros, S., Kılıçer, N., & Kovancı, B. (1982). The parasites and the predators of Aphidoidea in Ankara. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Agriculture.
Elekçioğlu, N. Z., & Senal, D. (2007). Pest and natural enemy fauna in organic citrus production in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 1, 29–34.
Gaimari, S. D., Milonas, P., & Souliotis, C. (2007). Notes on the taxonomy, biology and distribution of Neoleucopis kartliana (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Folia Heyrovskyana, 15, 7–16.
Gallis, A. (2007). Evaluation of the damage by insect Marchalina hellenica (Genn.) in Eastern Attica, Greece. Conclusions for sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (Kos Island, Greece, pp. 191–196).
Gerson, U., O’Connor, B. M., & Houck, M. A. (1990). Acari. In D. Rosen (Ed.) Armored scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control (pp. 77–97). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
Gounari, S. (2004). Seasonal development and ovipositing behavior of Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). Entomologia Hellenica, 15, 27–37.
Gürkan, B. (1988). Çam Pamuklu Kosnili Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius)’nın biyo-ekolojisi ve populasyon dinamiği. Disertation, Ankara, University of Hacettepe.
Hadzibejli, Z. K. (1969). On Marchalina caucasica, sp.n. (Homoptera, Coccoidea) from the Caucasus. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 48, 391–398.
Henry, C. S., Brooks, S. J., Duelli, P., & Johnson, J. B. (2002). Discovering the true Chrysoperla carnea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) using song analysis, morphology, and ecology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 95, 172–191.
Henry, C. S., Brooks, S. J., Johnson, J. B., & Duelli, P. (1996). Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix): a distinct species of green lacewing, confirmed by acoustical analysis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Systematic Entomology, 21, 205–218.
Kaydan, M. B., Kılıçer, N., Uygun, N., Japoshvilli, G., & Gaimari, S. (2006). Parasitoids and predators of Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Ankara, Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 34, 331–337.
Kuznetsov, N. N. (1970). Four little known species of scales (Homoptera, Diaspididoidea) damaging conifers. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 49, 1644–1655.
Maisonneuve, J. C. (2001). Biological control with Chrysoperla lucasina against Aphis fabae on artichoke in Brittany (France). In P. McEwen, T. R. New, & A. Whittington (Eds.), Lacewings in the crop environment (pp. 513–517). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mendel, Z. (2000). The phytophagous insect fauna of Pinus halepensis and P. brutia in the Mediterranean. In G. Ne’eman, & L. Trabaud (Eds.) Ecology, biogeography and management of Pinus halepensis and P. brutia forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean basin. Leiden, the Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers.
Mendel, Z., Assael, F., Zeidan, S., & Zehavi, A. (1998). Classical biological control of Palaeococcus fuscipennis (Burmeister) (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in Israel. Biological Control, 12, 151–157.
Mendel, Z., Carmi, E., & Podoler, H. (1991). Relations between the genera Matsucoccus (Homoptera: Margarodidae) and Elatophilus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and their significance. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 84, 502–507.
Ming, W. J., Ge, Q. J., & Zheng, H. Y. (1983). Studies of some major predaceous natural enemies of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana). (in Chinese, with English summary). Journal of Nanjing Technical College of Forest Products, 3, 19–29.
New, T. R. (2001). Introduction to the Neuroptera: What are they and how do they operate?. In P. K. McEwen, T. R. New, & A. E. Whittington (Eds.), Lacewings in the crop environment (pp. 3–5). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Nicolopoulos, C. N. (1965). Morphology and biology of the species Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera Margarodidae - Coelostomidiinae). Athens, Greece: Ecole d’Hautes Etudes Agronomiques a Athen.
Öncüer, C. (1977). İzmir ili meyve ağaçlarında zarar yapan Coccidae Familyasına bağlı önemli koşnil türlerinin doğal düşmanları yayılışları ve etkililik durumları. İzmir, Turkey: E.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları (in Turkish).
Pappas, M. L., Broufas, G. D., & Koveos, D. S. (2007). Effects of various prey species on development, survival and reproduction of the predatory lacewing Dichochrysa prasina (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Biological Control, 43, 163–170.
Pappas, M. L., Broufas, G. D., & Koveos, D. S. (2011). Chrysopid predators and their role in biological control. Journal of Entomology, 8, 301–326.
Péricart, J. (1972). Hémiptères Anthocoridae, Cimicidae et Microphysidae de Ouest-paléarctique. In: Faune de Europe et du basin méditerranéen. vol. 7. Paris, France: Masson et Cie.
Péricart, J., & Halperin, J. (1989). The Anthocoridae of Israel (Heteroptera). Phytoparasitica, 17, 91–98.
Petrakis, P. V., Spanos, K., & Feest, A. (2011). Insect biodiversity reduction of pinewoods in Southern Greece. Forest Systems, 20, 27–41.
Saboori, A., Hosseini, M., & Hatami, B. (2003). Preference of adults of Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing (Acari: Trombidiidae) for eggs of Planococcus citri (Risso) and Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell on citrus leaves in the laboratory. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 8, 49–54.
Şengonca, Ç. (1980). Türkiye Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) Faunası Üzerine Sistematik ve Taksonomik Araştırmalar. Ankara, Turkey: T.C. Gıda-Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Karantina Genel Müdürlüğü Matbaa Şubesı Müdürlüğü (in Turkish).
Siewniak, M. (1976). On the morphology and bionomy of the pine scale Matsucoccus pini (Green) (Hom., Coccoidea: Margarodidae). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 81, 337–362.
Stichel, W. (1958). Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. II. Europa. Hemiptera-Heteroptera Europae pp. 31–32. Berlin, Germany: Hermsdorf.
Stichel, W. (1959). Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. II. Europa. Hemiptera-Heteroptera Europae pp. 33–192. Berlin, Germany: Hermsdorf.
Szentkirályi, F. (2001). Lacewings in vegetables, forests, and other crops. In P. McEwen, T. R. New, & A. Whittington (Eds.), Lacewings in the crop environment (pp. 239–291). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tanasijtshuk, V. N. (1986). Silver flies (Chamaemyiidae) fauna of the USSR. new series 134, Dipterans. Volume 14. Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences. St. Petersburg, Russia: Nauka Publishers.
Tawfik, M. F. S., Awadallah, K. T., Swailem, S. M., & El Maghraby, M. M. A. (1976). The biology of Cardiastethus nazarenus Reuter (Hemiptera - Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, 60, 239–249.
Thierry, D., Cloupeau, R., & Jarry, M. (1992). La chrysope commune Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) sensu lato dans le centre de la France: mise en évidence d'un complexe d'espéces (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). pp. 379–392. In M. Canard, U. Aspöck, & M. W. Mansell (Eds.) Current research in neuropterology. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Neuropterology (Toulouse, France). Printed privately.
Thierry, D., Cloupeau, R., Jarry, M., & Canard, M. (1998). Discrimination of the West-Palaearctic Chrysoperla Steinmann species of the carnea Stephens group by means of claw morphology (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Acta Zoologica Fennica, 209, 255–262.
Ülgentürk, S., Civelek, H. S., Dostbil, Ö., Evren, N., & Sarbaşak, H. (2012a). Çam Pamuklu Koşnili Marchalina hellenica Genn. (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)' nın Biyo-Ekolojisi. Ege ve Akdeniz Bölgesindeki Yayılış Alanları (research report) Ankara, Turkey: TUBİTAK-TARP (in Turkish).
Ülgentürk, S., Evren, N., Ayhan, B., Dostbil, Ö., Dursun, O., & Civelek, H. S. (2012b). Scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) species on pine trees of Turkey. Journal of Turkish Zoology, 36, 623–636.
Ülgentürk, S., & Toros, S. (1999). Natural enemies of the oak scale insect, Eulecanium ciliatum (Douglas) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Turkey. Entomologica, 33, 219–224.
Uygun, N. (1981). Taxonomic research on the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) fauna of Turkey. Cukurova University Faculty of Agriculture Publ. No. 15. Adana, Turkey.
Uygun, N., Karaca, İ., Ulusoy, R., & Şenal, D. (2001). Türkiye turunçgil bahçelerinde entegre mücadele (zararlılar, nematodlar, hastalıklar, yabancıotlar). In N. Uygun (Ed.), TARP Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırma Projesi Yayınları. Turkey: Adana (in Turkish).
Wu, W. J., & Shen, S. P. (1990). Preliminary observation on the control of Hemiberlesia pitysophila by Anystis baccarum. Natural Enemies of Insects, 12, 100.
Zhang, Z. Q., & Norbakhsh, H. (1995). A new genus and three new species of mites (Acari: Trombidiidae) described from larvae ectoparasitic on aphids from Iran. European Journal of Entomology, 92, 705–718.
Zhang, Z. Q., & Saboori, A. (1996). A new host record of Allothrombium triticium larvae (Acari: Trombidiidae) ectoparasitic on Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology, 1, 207–208.
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK-TOVAG, 108-O-359). The authors are grateful to Dr. A. Saboori (Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran) for the determination of Acarina species.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ülgentürk, S., Szentkirályi, F., Uygun, N. et al. Predators of Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae) on pine forests in Turkey. Phytoparasitica 41, 529–537 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-013-0313-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-013-0313-1