Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Geochemistry of Kestelek colemanite deposit, Bursa, Turkey

  • Petrogeochemistry and Mineral Deposit Geochemistry
  • Published:
Journal of Earth Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Kestelek borate deposit has been the subject of geological and mineralogical research over the last decades, but major and trace element geochemistry of this deposit was first investigated in the present study. A total of 22 samples collected from surface exposures and different depths of deposit in boreholes (e.g., lower, middle and upper) comprise the material of this study. Major, trace and REE element analyses of samples were conducted with ICP-MS and ICP-ES methods. The Kestelek borate deposit of Miocene age was formed in playa lakes in an intermountain closed basin which was developed in volcanically and seismically active areas associated with growth faults and grabens affected the whole Anatolia at the beginning of Paleogene. Only colemanite was found as the borate mineral accompanied in lesser amount by calcite, aragonite, smectite, illite, chlorite, corrensite, heulandite and quartz. In colemanite samples, all major elements, except for Ca, show depletion trends with respect to average of earth crust and andesite. For the trace elements, Li, Cs, Sb, As, Sr and Se are characterized by significantly high concentrations. Evaluation of element concentrations and geochemical characteristics reveal that As, Cs, Sb and Li are of detrital origin, Se together with B and Ca are of non-detrital and Sr is indicative of both detrital and non-detrital origin. REE distributions indicate that at least two different depositional regimes prevail in the environment. Corrensite, a clay mineral forming in lake waters, is derived from volcanism. Negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies are indicative of contribution from hydrothermal solutions and fluids.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References Cited

  • Abollino, O., Aceto, M., Buoso, S., et al., 2004. Distribution of Major, Minor and Trace Elements in Lake Environments of Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 16(3): 277–291. doi: 10.1017/s0954102004002111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akçay, M., 2002. Jeokimya Trabzon. Karadeniz Technical University Publications, Trabzon. 506 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Akyol, E., Akgün, F., 1990. Palynology of Bigadiç, Kestelek, Emet and Kirka Borate-Bearing Neogene Deposits. MTA Bulletin, 111: 165–173 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Atan, O., 1981. Geology of the Devecikonagi (Bursa) Region and Sedimentologic Characteristics of Some Formations. Can Press, Ankara (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bau, M., 1991. Rare-Earth Element Mobility during Hydrothermal and Metamorphic Fluid-Rock Interaction and the Significance of the Oxidation State of Europium. Chemical Geology, 93(3/4): 219–230. doi:10.1016/0009- 2541(91)90115-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baysal, O., Ataman, G., 1975. A New Borate Mineral in Turkey: Discussion on Kernite Occurrence. Turkish Geological Survey Bull., 18: 3–10 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, M. R., 1985. Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Australian Paleozoic Graywackes and Mudrocks: Provenance and Tectonic Control. Sedimentary Geology, 45(1/2): 97–113. doi: 10.1016/0037-0738(85)90025-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boggs, S., 2009. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 600

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, E., Kraemer, T., Rydell, H., 1972. Classification and Genesis of Submarine Iron-Mangenese Deposits. In: Horn, D. R., ed., Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor. Natt. SCI Found, Washington, D.C.. 149–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowser, C. J., 1964. Geochemistry and Petrology of the Sodium Borates in the Non-marine Evaporite Environment: [Dissertation]. University of California, Los Angeles. l10

  • Bürküt, Y., 1977. Distribution of Li, Rb, Cs and Sr in Orthoand Para-gneiss and Some Petrologic Results: [Dissertation]. Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Mining, Istanbul. 68 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Canet, C., Prol-Ledesma, R. M., Proenza, J. A., et al., 2005. Mn-Ba-Hg Mineralization at Shallow Submarine Hydrothermal Vents in Bahía Concepción, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Chemical Geology, 224(1–3): 96–112. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantrell, K. J., Byrne, R. H., 1987. Rare Earth Element Complexation by Carbonate and Oxalate Ions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(3): 597–605. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(87)90072-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, J. H., Hariya, Y., 1992. Geochemistry and Depositional Environment of Mn Oxide Deposits in the Tokoro Belt, Northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. Economic Geology, 87(5): 1265–1274. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christ, C. L., Truesdell, A. H., Erd, R. C., 1967. Borate Mineral Assemblages in the System Na2O-CaO-MgO-B2O3-H2O. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 31(3): 313–337. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(67)90045-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantopoulos, J., 1988. Fluid Inclusions and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Fluorite from South-Central Idaho. Economic Geology, 83(3): 626–636. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.3.626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crerar, D. A., Namson, J., Chyi, M. S., et al., 1982. Manganiferous Cherts of the Franciscan Assemblage: I, General Geology, Ancient and Modern Analogues, and Implications for Hydrothermal Convection at Oceanic Spreading Centers. Economic Geology, 77(3): 519–540. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.77.3.519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elkin, E. M., Margrave, J. L., 1968. Selenium and Selenium Compounds. Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 17: 809–833

    Google Scholar 

  • Erkül, F., Helvaci, C., Sözbilir, H., 2005. Stratigraphy an Geochronology of the Early Miocene Volcanic Units in the Bigadiç Borate Basin Western Turkey Turkish. Journal of Earth Sciences, 14: 227–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Fee, J. A., Gaudette, H. E., Lyons, W. B., et al., 1992. Rare- Earth Element Distribution in Lake Tyrrell Groundwaters, Victoria, Australia. Chemical Geology, 96(1/2): 67–93. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(92)90122-l

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, P. A., Helvaci, C., Mittwede, S. K., 1998. Geochemical Discrimination of Volcanic Rocks Associated with Borate Deposits: An Exploration Tool? Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 60(3): 185–205

  • Fu, X. G., Wang, J., Zeng Y. L., et al., 2011. Geochemistry and Origin of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in the Shengli River Oil Shale, Northern Tibet, China. Chemie Der Erde–Geochemistry, 71(1): 21–30. doi: 10.1016/j.chemer.2010.07.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale, G. H., Dabek, L. B., Fedikov, M. A. F., 1997. The Application of Rare Earth Element Analyses in the Exploration for Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits: Mining Geology, 6(3): 233–252

  • Graf, J. L., 1977. Rare Earth Elements as Hydrothermal Tracers during the Formation of Massive Sulfide Deposits in Volcanic Rocks. Economic Geology, 72(4): 527–548. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.72.4.527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halilova, H., 2004. Biogeochemistry of Microelements (I, Zn, Co, Mn, Cu, Se). Ilke-Eker Press, Ankara. 110 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Helke, A., 1955. Examination of Turkish Mineral Deposits II. N. Jb. Min. Abh., 88: 178–180 (in German)

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., 1983. Mineralogy of the Turkish Borate Deposits. Geol. Eng. Bull., 17: 37–54 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., Dora, Ö., 1985. New Opinions on the Formation of Bigadiç Borate Deposits. Proceedings of the 39th Turkish Geological Congress, February, 1985, Ankara. 75–76 (in Turkish with English Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., Alaca, O., 1991. Geology and Mineralogy of Bigadiç Borate Deposits. MTA Bulletin, 113: 61–92 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., 1992. Mineral Assemblages and Formation of the Kestelek and Sultançayiri Borate Deposits. Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress, Part A, Kyoto. 245–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., Stamatakis, M., Zagouroglou, C., et al., 1993. Borate Minerals and Related Authigenic Silicates in Northeastern Mediterranean Late Miocene Continental Basins. Exploration and Mining Geology, 2(2): 171–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., 1995. Stratigraphy, Mineralogy, and Genesis of the Bigadic Borate Deposits, Western Turkey. Economic Geology, 90(5): 1237–1260. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.5.1237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., Orti, F., 1998. Sedimentology and Diagenesis of Miocene Colemanite-Ulexite Deposits (Western Anatolia, Turkey). Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68(5): 1021–1033. doi:10.2110/jsr.68.1021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., Alonso, R. N., 2000. Borate Deposits of Turkey and Argentina: A Summary and Geological Comparison. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9: 1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., 2001. Turkish Borate Deposits. Chambers of Geological Engineers Publications, 71: 34 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., Mordogan, H., Çolak, M., et al., 2004. Presence and Distribution of Lithium in Borate Deposits and some Recent Lake Waters of West-Central Turkey. International Geology Review, 46(2): 177–190. doi:10.2747/0020-6814.46.2.177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., 2003. Turkish Borate Deposits: Their Geologic Setting, Economic Importance and Boron Policy. Balikesir University Bulletin, 5(1): 4–41 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvaci, C., 2004. Turkish Borate Deposits: Their Geologic Setting, Economic Importance and Boron Policy. 5th Industrial Raw Materials Symposium, 13–14 May, Izmir. 11–27 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Inan, K., 1975. A Model for Formation of Hydrous Borate Minerals. Turkish Geological Survey Bull., 18: 165–168 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Istanbul Technical University (ITU), 1982. Exploration and Pre-Feasibility Project of the Etibank Kestelek Colemanite. ITÜ Faculty of Mine, Mineralogy-Mineral Deposits Section, Istanbul (in Turkish)

  • Istanbul Technical University, 1985. Investigation of Zeolitization around the Etibank Kestelek Colemanite Deposit. ITÜ Earth Sciences and Underground Sources UYG–AR Center, Istanbul (in Turkish)

  • Johannesson, K. H., Lyons, W. B., Yelken, M. A., et al., 1996. Geochemistry of the Rare-Earth Elements in Hypersaline and Dilute Acidic Natural Terrestrial Waters: Complexation Behavior and Middle Rare-Earth Element Enrichments. Chemical Geology, 133(1–4): 125–144. doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(96)00072-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kistler, R. B., Helvaci, C., 1994. Boron and Borates. In: Donald, D. C., ed., Industrial Minerals and Rocks. 6th Edition. Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colarado. 171–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauskopf, K. B., 1989. Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw-Hill International Editions, London. 617

    Google Scholar 

  • Koç, S., Birey, M., Kavrazli, Ö., et al., 2008a. Geochemical Properties of Kestelek Borate Deposits and Their Changes of Depending on Depth and High Technological Material Investigations on Borate Samples. TÜBITAK Project No: 105M356 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koç, S., Kavrazli, Ö., Koçak, I., 2008b. Geochemistry of Colemanite Deposit of Kestelek, Bursa, Turkey. 33rd. International Geological Congress, August 6–14, Oslo, Norway. Abstracts MRB-01

  • Koç, S., Kavrazli, Ö., Koçak, I., 2008c. Trace Elements Concentrations of Colemanite in Kestelek Borate Deposit. 16th International Symposium on Boron, Borides and Related Materials. September 7th–12th, Matsue, Shimane, Japan. 57–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Koçak, N., 1989. Geologic Investigation of Kestelek Neogene Basin. Etibank Mineral Research Exploration Department Report, Ankara (in Turkish)

  • Koçak, I., Koç, S., 2009. Trace Element Enrichment of Bigadiç Borates Deposits, Balikesir, Turkiye. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts 2009, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(Suppl.): A671

    Google Scholar 

  • Koçak, I., Koç, S., 2011. Trace Element Contents of Bigadiç and Kestelek Borate Deposits. 17th International Symposium on Boron, Borides and Related Materials, September 11–17, Istanbul. 232

    Google Scholar 

  • Koçak, I., Koç, S., 2012. Major and Trace Element Geochemistry of the Bigadiç Borate Deposit, Balikesir, Turkiye. Geochemistry International, 50(11): 926–951. doi:10.1134/s0016702912090030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meixner, H., 1956. New Borate Site in Iskeleköy, Bigadiç Town, Balikesir City Sonderabdruck aus Kali und Steinsalz, Essen, Verlag Glöckauf, Essen. Part 2. 43–47 (in German)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, K., 1990. Stratiform Manganese Mineralisation near Inverness, Scotland: A Devonian Sublacustrine Hot- Spring Deposit? Mineralium Deposita, 25(2): 126–131. doi:10.1007/bf00208855

  • Nance, W. B., Taylor, S. R., 1977. Rare Earth Element Patterns and Crustal Evolution—II. Archean Sedimentary Rocks from Kalgoorlie, Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 41(2): 225–231. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(77)90229-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özpeker, I., 1969. Comparative Genetic Survey on the Western Anatolian Borate Deposits: [Dissertation]. I. T. U. Press, Istanbul. 116 (in Turkish)

  • Özpeker, I., Inan, K., 1978. Mineral Assemblages in Western Anatolian Borate Deposits and Their Relations with Deposit Occurrence. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 21: 1–10 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrascheck, E. W., Pohl, W., 1982. Mineral Deposits. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany. 441 (in German)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, S., Dasgupta, S., Mukhopadhyay, S., et al., 1990. A Typical Ferromanganese Nodules from Pelagic Areas of the Indian Basins, Equatorial Indian Ocean. Marine Geology, 92: 269–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sant’Anna, L. G., Clauer, N., Cordani, U. G., et al., 2006. Origin and Migration Timing of Hydrothermal Fluids in Sedimentary Rocks of the Paraná Basin, South America. Chemical Geology, 230(1/2): 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroll, E., 1975. Analytical Geochemistry. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart. 292 (in German)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunder, M., 1980. Geochemistry of Sarikaya (Kirka-Eskisehir) Borate Deposits. Turkish Geological Survey Bull., 2: 19–34 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahinci, A., 1991. Geochemistry of Natural Waters. Reform Press, Izmir. 548 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. R., McLennan, S. M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford. 312

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, C. E., Pollard, L. D., 1973. The Chemistry of Clay Minerals. Elsevier Scientific, New York. 213

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalçinkaya, S., Afsar, Ö., 1980. Geology of Mustafa Kemalpasa and Surrounding Region. MTA Report, Ankara (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yılmaz, O., Gündoğdu, M., Gümüş, S., 1982. Geology of Neogene Bigadiç Volcano Sedimentary Basin. Etibank Project, Ankara. 89 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Boron Research Institute (BOREN) and the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (No. 105M356). Scientific foundation unit of the Ankara University is also greatly acknowledged for the support. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12583-015-0616-x.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey

    Şükrü Koç

  2. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey

    Özge Kavrazlı

  3. Department of Geological Engineering, Bozok University, Yozgat, 66100, Turkey

    İsmail Koçak

Authors
  1. Şükrü Koç
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Özge Kavrazlı
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. İsmail Koçak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to İsmail Koçak.

Additional information

Şükrü Koç: http://orcid-org/0000-0003-2757-8286

İsmail Koçak: http://orcid-org/0000-0002-4519-4561

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Koç, Ş., Kavrazlı, Ö. & Koçak, İ. Geochemistry of Kestelek colemanite deposit, Bursa, Turkey. J. Earth Sci. 28, 63–77 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-015-0616-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-015-0616-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation