Abstract
This study condenses data acquired during investigations of the virological quality of irrigation water used in production of fresh produce. One hundred and eight samples of irrigation water were collected from five berry fruit farms in Finland (1), the Czech Republic (1), Serbia (2), and Poland (1), and sixty-one samples were collected from three leafy green vegetable farms in Poland, Serbia, and Greece. Samples were analyzed for index viruses of human or animal fecal contamination (human and porcine adenoviruses, and bovine polyoma viruses), and human pathogenic viruses (hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, and noroviruses GI/GII). Both index and pathogenic viruses were found in irrigation water samples from the leafy green vegetables production chain. The data on the presence of index viruses indicated that the highest percentage of fecal contamination was of human origin (28.1 %, 18/64), followed by that of porcine (15.4 %, 6/39) and bovine (5.1 %, 2/39) origins. Hepatitis E virus (5 %, 1/20) and noroviruses GII (14.3 %, 4/28) were also detected. Samples from berry fruit production were also positive for both index and pathogenic viruses. The highest percentage of fecal contamination was of human origin (8.3 %, 9/108), followed by that of porcine, 4.5 % (4/89) and bovine, 1.1 % (1/89) origins. Norovirus GII (3.6 %, 2/56) was also detected. These data demonstrate that irrigation water used in primary production is an important vehicle of viral contamination for fresh produce, and thus is a critical control point which should be integrated into food safety management systems for viruses. The recommendations of Codex Alimentarius, as well as regulations on the use of water of appropriate quality for irrigation purposes, should be followed.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under Grant Agreement No. KBBE-213178 (Integrated monitoring and control of foodborne viruses in European food supply chains, VITAL) led by the coordination team of Nigel Cook (FERA, UK), Martin D’Agostino (FERA, UK), and Franco M Ruggeri (ISS, Italy). The authors are grateful to the owners of the companies who took part in this study for their kind and skillful collaboration and assistance, and to all VITAL members. As it concerns VRI, the results of the project LO1218 were obtained with financial support from the MEYS of the CR under the NPU I program.
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P. Kokkinos, I. Kozyra, S. Lazic, K. Söderberg and P. Vasickova contributed equally to the work.
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Kokkinos, P., Kozyra, I., Lazic, S. et al. Virological Quality of Irrigation Water in Leafy Green Vegetables and Berry Fruits Production Chains. Food Environ Virol 9, 72–78 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-016-9264-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-016-9264-2