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Prevalence of Human Noroviruses in Frozen Marketed Shellfish, Red Fruits and Fresh Vegetables

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Abstract

Noroviruses (NoVs), currently recognised as the most common human food-borne pathogens, are ubiquitous in the environment and can be transmitted to humans through multiple foodstuffs. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of human NoV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) in 493 food samples including soft red fruits (n = 200), salad vegetables (n = 210) and bivalve mollusc shellfish (n = 83), using the Bovine Enterovirus type 1 as process extraction control for the first time. Viral extractions were performed by elution concentration and genome detection by TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Experimental contamination using hepatitis A virus (HAV) was used to determine the limit of detection (LOD) of the extraction methods. Positive detections were obtained from 2 g of digestive tissues of oysters or mussels kept for 16 h in seawater containing 2.0–2.7 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU)/L of HAV. For lettuces and raspberries, the LOD was, respectively, estimated at 2.2 and 2.9 log10 PFU per 25 g. Of the molluscs tested, 8.4 and 14.4 % were, respectively, positive for the presence of GI NoV and GII NoV RNA. Prevalence in GI NoVs varied from 11.9 % for the salad vegetables samples to 15.5 % for the red soft fruits. Only 0.5 % of the salad and red soft fruits samples were positive for GII NoVs. These results highlight the high occurrence of human NoVs in foodstuffs that can be eaten raw or after a moderate technological processing or treatment. The determination of the risk of infection associated with an RT-qPCR positive sample remains an important challenge for the future.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the industrial partners who provided some of the samples; France Agrimer (project OFIMER 054/06/C), and the French Ministry of Agriculture (CPER 2007–2013; Programme 142) for their financial support; also N. Deboosere from Institut Pasteur de Lille (IPL), G. Belliot and P. Pothier from CHU de Dijon for their participation in the inter-laboratory assay.

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  1. ACTALIA, Groupe Sécurité des Aliments et Innovation Procédés, 23 Boulevard du 13 Juin 1944 BP2, 14310, Villers-Bocage, France

    Julie Loutreul, Catherine Cazeaux, Delphine Levert, Aline Nicolas, Sandrine Vautier & Anne Laure Le Sauvage

  2. Anses, Laboratoire de Sécurité Alimentaire, Université Paris Est, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France

    Sylvie Perelle

  3. Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Unité Pathologie Virale des Poissons, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, BP70, 29280, Plouzané, France

    Thierry Morin

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  1. Julie Loutreul
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Loutreul, J., Cazeaux, C., Levert, D. et al. Prevalence of Human Noroviruses in Frozen Marketed Shellfish, Red Fruits and Fresh Vegetables. Food Environ Virol 6, 157–168 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9150-8

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