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The Stigma of Privilege: Racial Identity and Stigma Consciousness Among Biracial Individuals

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Abstract

Racial identification is a complex and dynamic process for multiracial individuals, who as members of multiple racial groups have been shown to self-identify or be identified by others differently, depending on the social context. For biracial individuals who have white and minority ancestry, such identity shifting (e.g., from minority to white, or vice versa) may be a way to cope with the threats to their racial identity that can be signaled by the presence or absence of whites and/or minorities in their social environment. We examine whether stigma consciousness (Pinel in J Pers Soc Psychol 76(1):114–128, 1999; i.e., the chronic awareness of the stereotyping and prejudice that minorities face) interacts with the sociocultural context to predict social identity threat, belonging, and racial identification. Using experience sampling methodology, minority/white biracial individuals (27 Asian/white, 22 black/white, and 26 Latino/white) reported the racial composition of their environment, social identity threat for their component racial identities, overall feelings of belonging, and racial identification over a 1-week period. Results suggest that stigma consciousness predicts the extent to which biracial people identify with their white background and experience belonging in different racial contexts. We discuss racial identity shifting in response to context-based threats as a protective strategy for biracial people, and identity where participants’ sociocultural contexts and experiences with racial identity and threat differ as a result of their minority racial group or ascribed race.

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Notes

  1. We use the term “biracial” to describe the Latino/white biracial people in our sample because participants were recruited for the study if they considered themselves to be biracial (i.e., of two different races). This approach is consistent with other multiracial researchers (e.g., Ho et al. 2011), who also use the term “biracial” to describe Latino/white samples. We recognize that because there is no official Latino/Hispanic racial category in the US, individuals who have Latino/Hispanic and white/European ancestry are most precisely described as “bi-ethnic” and not biracial unless they also belong to two racial groups (e.g., are white/European and black/Latino). However, we also acknowledge that there is still considerable discussion and confusion about whether Latinos are a racial or an ethnic group (Hitlin et al. 2006; Navarro 2012; Sanchez et al. 2012), which underscores the malleability and social construction of racial categories and thus affords flexibility with the use of related terms. Additionally, Latinos view themselves as distinct from white, black, Asian, and other racial groups (e.g., Cohn 2012; Navarro 2012), and many individuals who have both Latino/Hispanic and white/European ancestry consider themselves biracial (see Sanchez et al. 2012). Indeed, the failure to include a Latino/Hispanic racial group on the most recent (2010) U.S. Census caused 18 million Latinos (approximately 35 % of the Latino population) to not identify with any racial group. Latinos are also often viewed as distinct from white, black, Asian and other racial groups (e.g., as less American than blacks or whites, Dovidio et al. 2010; as having distinct stereotypes, Fiske et al. 2002). Furthermore, multiracial and multiethnic Americans are often grouped together as under the umbrella term “mixed race” (Saulny 2011), and the literatures that explore multiracial and multiethnic identity processes are largely overlapping (e.g., exploring themes of identity shifting, issues with imposed versus internal identification).

  2. For all analyses, we strictly adhered to the standard level of significance recognized by the greater social scientific community (p < .05) as a cutoff point for interpreting exploratory moderation analyses. Thus, marginal effects are not discussed for exploratory effects unless they are necessary to decompose a significant interaction.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Leigh S. Wilton & Diana T. Sanchez

  2. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA

    Julie A. Garcia

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  1. Leigh S. Wilton
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Wilton, L.S., Sanchez, D.T. & Garcia, J.A. The Stigma of Privilege: Racial Identity and Stigma Consciousness Among Biracial Individuals. Race Soc Probl 5, 41–56 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-012-9083-5

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