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Systematics and evolutionary implications of Early Jurassic belemnites from the Peri-Mediterranean Tethys

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Abstract

The systematic study of new belemnite assemblages from the Central Apennines and western Sicily revealed several new taxa for Italy. The specimens originate from Lower Jurassic sediments (Sinemurian–Toarcian), and their exact stratigraphic occurrence can be established by accompanying ammonite assemblages. The systematic analysis allows six genera of the suborder Belemnitina to be recognised (Subhastites, Passaloteuthis, Pseudohastites, Bairstowius, Cuspiteuthis, Megateuthis). The coeval occurrence of heterogeneous canaliculate belemnites (with alveolar grooves) was unexpected; their partially incomplete preservation does not allow assigning them safely to any existing genus, with the exception of a well-preserved specimen of Pachybelemnopsis sp. (with phragmocone, protoconch, and siphuncle). This represents the earliest known record of a belemnopseine belemnite. The Italian canaliculate belemnites are tentatively compared with canaliculate belemnites from the European Peri-Tethys, Japan, and New Zealand. A direct comparison is, however, hampered by the incomplete preservation of most of the herein reported specimens. The records of canaliculate belemnites in the Early Jurassic of Italy show remarkably heterogeneous rostrum morphologies, indicating an earlier diversification in belemnites than previously assumed.

Kurzfassung

Die Untersuchungen zur Systematik neuer Belemnitenfunde aus dem zentralen Apennin und dem westlichen Sizilien erbrachten mehrere neue Taxa für Italien. Die untersuchten Exemplare entstammen Ablagerungen des Unteren Juras (Sinemurium–Toarcium), ihre genaue stratigraphische Position kann anhand begleitender Ammonitenfaunen festgestellt werden. Anhand der systematischen Analyse werden sechs Gattungen der Unterordnung Belemnitina nachgewiesen (Subhastites, Passaloteuthis, Pseudohastites, Bairstowius, Cuspiteuthis, Megateuthis). Das zeitgleiche Auftreten kanalikulater Belemniten mit Alveolarfurchen ist überraschend; ihre größtenteils unvollständige Erhaltung erlaubt es jedoch nicht, sie sicher einer bekannten Gattung zuzuordnen, mit Ausnahme eines gut erhaltenen Exemplars von Pachybelemnopsis sp. (mit Phragmokon, Protoconch und Sipho). Dieser Fund stellt den derzeit ältesten Nachweis der Unterordnung Belemnopseina dar. Die kanalikulaten Belemniten aus Italien werden mit Funden aus Ost-Asien, Neuseeland und einigen wenig bekannten Funden der Europäischen Peri-Tethys verglichen. Ein weiterführender Vergleich wird jedoch dadurch erschwert, dass die genaue Position der Alveolarfurche (ventral oder dorsal) bei den meisten hier beschriebenen Stücken nicht nachvollzogen werden kann. Die Funde kanalikulater Belemniten im Unteren Jura Italiens zeichnen sich insgesamt durch eine hohe Heterogenität bei der Rostrum-Morphologie und der Position der Alveolarfurchen aus, und zeugen von einer höheren Diversität der frühen Belemniten als in vorangehenden Studien angenommen.

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Acknowledgments

We are indebted to the late Giovanni “Jack” Pallini (Sapienza University, Rome), Pietro Di Stefano (University of Palermo), Umberto Nicosia (Sapienza University, Rome), Federico Venturi (University of Perugia), and Federico Famiani (University of Camerino) for their contributions to the fieldwork. Jo Simon (Kayl, Luxembourg) skillfully extracted the fossils from the carbonates. Guy Marson (National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg) provided the macrophotographs made under UV light. Karine Scholtes and Marianne Kayser (National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg) assisted with the design of the figures. We are also grateful to Dirk Fuchs and Yasuhiro Iba (University of Hokkaido, Sapporo), Jean-Daniel Pinard (National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg), Johannes Pignatti (Sapienza University, Rome), and Wolfgang Riegraf (Münster, Germany) for discussing parts of our material and sharing their view on specific taxonomic issues. Alexei Ippolitov (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) kindly provided a rare reference. We thank Verena Nickels (Luxembourg) for improving the English of the manuscript. We are particularly grateful to the reviewers Peter Doyle (London, UK) and Christian Klug (Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Switzerland), for their helpful suggestions which greatly improved an earlier version of the manuscript. This contribution acknowledges support by the research project “Coleoid cephalopods in the European Mesozoic: systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography” at the National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg.

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  1. Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Section Paléontologie, 25 rue Münster, 2160, Luxembourg, Grand-duchy of Luxembourg

    Robert Weis, Nino Mariotti & Andrea Di Cencio

  2. Earth Sciences Department, Sapienza University, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Nino Mariotti

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  1. Robert Weis
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Correspondence to Robert Weis.

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Weis, R., Mariotti, N. & Di Cencio, A. Systematics and evolutionary implications of Early Jurassic belemnites from the Peri-Mediterranean Tethys. Paläontol Z 89, 729–747 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-015-0265-5

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