Skip to main content
Log in

A nearly complete respiratory, circulatory, and excretory system preserved in small Late Cretaceous octopods (Cephalopoda) from Lebanon

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
PalZ Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although they are rare, fossilized gills are well known in Mesozoic coleoid cephalopods. In the Late Jurassic Solnhofen (South Germany) and Late Cretaceous Hâkel and Hâdjoula (Lebanon) plattenkalks, the feather-like gill remains are usually preserved as a yellowish staining. Small coleoids from Hâkel—tentatively determined as octopods—attracted our attention because these stains occur throughout the entire mantle sac in an unusual symmetrical pattern. Actualistic comparisons point to a compound of diverse vascular structures that most likely reflect central parts of the venous blood system (afferent branchial vessels, branchial hearts, vena pallialis, blood sinus) as well as the nephridial sacs. The nephridial sacs are clearly separated, which confirms the octopod nature of the fossils. A reticulated staining pattern in the rear of the mantle, which may reflect the gonad capillary system, suggests the presence of mature small-sized octopods. Based on its colour, its amorphous habit, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) elemental analyses, the major components of the coelomic cavities have been replicated by an iron-rich phase (presumably goethite; copper was not detected). The goethite does not replace the tissues; rather, it traces their gross form as a well-defined “stain”. It is assumed the goethite is secondary after pyrite, which precipitated as a consequence of the oxygen-binding capacity of the copper-bearing haemocyanin and its ability to locally regulate redox potentials immediately postmortem.

Kurzfassung

Fossilisierte Kiemen bei mesozoischen coleoiden Cephalopoden sind trotz allgemeiner Seltenheit gut bekannt. Die federförmigen Kiemenreste sind in den spätjurassischen und spätkretazischen Plattenkalken von Solnhofen (Süddeutschland) und Hâkel und Hâdjoula (Lebanon) üblicherweise als gelblich verfärbte Strukturen erhalten. Kleine Coleoiden aus Hâkel—provisorisch als Octopoden bestimmt—erweckten unser Interesse, weil die Verfärbungen auf ungewöhnliche Weise symmetrisch über den ganzen Mantelsack verteilt sind. Aktualistische Vergleiche deuten darauf hin, dass es sich hierbei um einen Verbund aus diversen vaskulären Strukturen handelt, die sehr wahrscheinlich zentrale Teile des venösen Blutsystems (afferente Kiemengefäße, Kiemenherze, Vena pallialis, Blutsinus) und der Nephridialsäcke widerspiegeln. Die klar voneinander getrennten Nephridialsäcke bestätigen, dass es sich tatsächlich um Octopoden handelt. Ein retikuläres Farbmuster im hinteren Mantelsackbereich könnte das Kapillarsystem der Gonaden darstellen, was darauf hindeuten würde, dass es sich hierbei um geschlechtsreife, kleinwüchsige Octopoden handelt. In Anbetracht von Farbe, amorphem Habitus und EDX-Analysen wurden die Hauptkomponenten der Coelomhöhlen durch eine eisenreiche Phase (vermutlich Goethit; Kupfer wurde nicht nachgewiesen) repliziert. Der Goethit ersetzte dabei nicht die Gewebe, sondern zeichnet vielmehr ihre Formen als klar umrissene Färbungen grob nach. Es wird vermutet, dass primär die Ausfällung von Pyrit eine Folge der Sauerstoffbindungskapazität von kupferbasierten Hämcyanin und dessen Fähigkeit ist, sofort nach dem Tod lokale Redoxpotentiale zu regulieren.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bandel, K., and H. Leich. 1986. Jurassic Vampyromorpha (dibranchiate cephalopods). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 1986: 129–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky, S.V. 1968. Untersuchungen über die Organogenese des Kreislaufsystems von Octopus vulgaris Lam. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 75(4): 765–812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, D.E.G. 2003. The role of decay and mineralization in the preservation of soft-bodied fossils. Annual Review of Earth Planetary Sciences 31: 275–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, D.E.G., A.J. Kear, D.M. Martill, and P.R. Wilby. 1993. Phosphatization of soft-tissue in experiments and fossils. Journal of the Geological Society of London 150: 1035–1038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budelmann, B.U., R. Schipp, and S.V. Boletzky. 1997. Cephalopoda. In Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, vol. 6A, ed. F.W. Harrison, and A. Kohn, 119–414., Mollusca II Wiley-Liss: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalla Vecchia, F.M. 2004. The cretaceous fossils of Lebanon. Geofin: Udine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dal Sasso, C., and M. Signore. 1998. Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in a theropod dinosaur from Italy. Nature 392: 383–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R.G., and N.H. Trewin. 2005. Unusual preservation of the internal organs of acanthodian and actinopterygian fish in the Middle Devonian of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 41: 129–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D. 2006. Fossil erhaltungsfähige Merkmalskomplexe der Coleoidea (Cephalopoda) und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen 8: 1–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D. 2007. Coleoid cephalopods from the plattenkalks of the Upper Jurassic of Southern Germany and from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon—a faunal comparison. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 245(1): 59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D., G. Bracchi, and R. Weis. 2009. New octopods (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the Late Cretaceous (Upper Cenomanian) of Hâkel and Hâdjoula (Lebanon). Palaeontology 52: 65–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D., and N.L. Larson. 2011a. Diversity, morphology and phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods from the Upper cretaceous plattenkalks of Lebanon—part II: Teudopseina. Journal of Paleontology 85: 815–834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D., and N.L. Larson. 2011b. Diversity, morphology, and phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods from the Upper cretaceous plattenkalks of Lebanon—part I: Prototeuthidina. Journal of Paleontology 85: 234–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbott, S.E., X.-G. Hou, M.J. Norry, and D.J. Siveter. 2004. Preservation of early Cambrian animals of the Chengjiang biota. Geology 32: 901–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, K., S. Ito, P.R. Wilby, T. Sota, A. Nakamura, C.R. Bowers, J. Vinther, S. Dutta, R. Summons, D.E.G. Briggs, K. Wakamatsu, and J.D. Simon. 2012. Direct chemical evidence for undegraded eumelanin pigment from the Jurassic Period. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: 10218–10223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwalt, D.E., Y.S. Goreva, S.M. Siljeström, T. Rose, and R.E. Harbach. 2013. Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins preserved in a middle Eocene blood-engorged mosquito. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 18496–18500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, W. 2002. The evolutionary history of the eight-armed Coleoidea. In H. Summesberger, K. Histon and A. Daurer (eds): Cephalopods—Present & Past, Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Vol. 57: 341-351.

  • Kear, A., D.E.G. Briggs, and D.T. Donovan. 1995. Decay and fossilization of non-mineralized tissue in coleoid cephalopods. Palaeontology 38: 105–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keupp, H., T. Engeser, D. Fuchs, and W. Haeckel. 2010. Fossile Spermatophoren von Trachyteuthis hastiformis (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) aus dem Oberkimmeridgium von Painten/Bayern. Archaeopteryx 28: 23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinghardt, F. 1932. Über den methodischen Nachweis der Eingeweide bei fossilen Tintenfischen. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 14: 160–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, J., M.W. Caldwell, T. Konishi, and L.M. Chiappe. 2010. Convergent evolution in aquatic tetrapods: insights from an exceptional fossil mosasaur. PloS ONE 5: e11998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehl, J. 1990. Fossilerhaltung von Kiemen bei Plesioteuthis prisca Rüppell, 1829 (Vampyromorpha, Cephalopoda) aus untertithonen Plattenkalken der Altmühlalb. Archeopteryx 8: 77–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naef, A. 1922. Die fossilen Tintenfische—Eine paläozoologische Monographie. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nesis, K.N. 1987. Cephalopods of the world. New Jersey: TFH Publications, Neptune City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, M. 2010. Part M, chapter 3: anatomy of recent forms. Treatise Online 17: 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pushie, M.J., B.R. Pratt, T.C. Macdonald, G.N. George, and I.J. Pickering. 2014. Evidence for biogenic copper (hemocyanin) in the Middle Cambrian arthropod Marrella from the Burgess Shale. Palaios 29: 512–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reitner, J. 2009. Preserved gill remains in Phragmoteuthis conocauda (Quenstedt, 1846-49) (Toarcian, Southern Western Germany). Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen 10: 289–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitner, J., and J. Mehl. 1989. Ein besonderes Fossil. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 63: 3–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riegraf, W. 1987. On Lower and Upper Jurassic dibranchiate cephalopods from Germany and England. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 61: 261–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roger, J. 1946. Les invertebres des couches à Poissons du Crétacé supérieur du Liban. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France 51: 1–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruben, J.A., C. Dal Sasso, N. Geist, R.W.J. Hillenius, T.D. Jones, and M. Signore. 1999. Pulmonary function and metabolic physiology of theropod dinosaurs. Science 283: 514–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagemann, J., S.J. Bale, D.E.G. Briggs, and R.J. Parks. 1999. Controls on the formation of authigenic minerals in association with decaying organic matter: an experimental approach. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63: 1083–1095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Roy, P., P.J. Orr, J.P. Botting, L.A. Muir, J. Vinther, B. Lefebvre, K. el Hariri, and D.E.G. Briggs. 2010. Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type. Nature 465: 215–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, M. J. 1983. Circulation in Cephalopods. In A. S. M. Saleuddin and K. M. Wilbur (eds): The Mollusca, Vol. 5: 239-283, New York: Academic Press.

  • Wells, M.J. 2011. Part M, chapter 4, Physiology of coleoids. Treatise Online 27: 1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilby, P.R., D.E.G. Briggs, and B. Riou. 1996. Mineralization of soft-bodied invertebrates in a Jurassic metaliferous deposit. Geology 24: 847–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilby, P.R., J.D. Hudson, R.G. Clements, and T.J. Hollingworth. 2004. Taphonomy and origin of an acumulate of soft-bodied cephalopods in the oxford clay formation (Jurassic, England). Palaeontology 47: 1159–1180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilby, P.R., K. Duff, K. Page, and S. Martin. 2008. Preserving the unpreservable: a lost world rediscovered at Christian Malford, UK. Geology Today 24: 95–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M., D.J. Siveter, A.C. Ashworth, P.R. Wilby, D.J. Horne, A.R. Lewis, and D.R. Marchant. 2008. Exceptionally preserved lacustrine ostracods from the Middle Miocene of Antarctica: implications for high-latitude palaeoenvironment at 77° south. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275: 2449–2454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, R., and M. Vecchione. 1996. Analysis of morphology to determine primary sister taxon relationships within coleoid cephalopods. American Malacological Bulletin 12: 91–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, R.E., and M. Vecchione. 2002. Evolution of gills in the Octopodiformes. Bulletin of Marine Science 71: 1003–1017.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are particularly grateful to Ru Smith (Houston, Texas), who kindly provided his specimens for morphological studies. Thanks also go to Monika Bulang-Lörcher (Freie Universität Berlin), who drew the sketch in Fig. 2.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dirk Fuchs.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fuchs, D., Wilby, P.R., von Boletzky, S. et al. A nearly complete respiratory, circulatory, and excretory system preserved in small Late Cretaceous octopods (Cephalopoda) from Lebanon. PalZ 90, 299–305 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-015-0256-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-015-0256-6

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation