Abstract
The biostratigraphic range distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) from the eastern part of Neo-Tethys in the Kohat Basin of Pakistan is compared with the Western and Central Neo-Tethys. The results are used to establish the migration pathways of LBF for the paleogeographic reconstruction of the Neo-Tethys that existed in the Paleogene. This comparison across the Neo-Tethys revealed that LBF species are mostly confined to the Gondwanan (Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, India, Indonesia) and Laurasian-derived blocks (Italy, France, and Spain), with only a few on the margin of the Gondwanan continents (Oman).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad S (2010) Paleogene larger benthic foraminiferal stratigraphy and facies distribution: implications for the tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of Kohat, Potwar Basin and Trans Indus Ranges, north west Pakistan, University of Edinburg, UK (Un published thesis Ph.D)
Al-Hashimi HAJ, Amer RM (1985) Tertiary microfacies of Iraq. DGGSMI, Baghdad, p 56
Al-Sayyab AS, Al-Saddiki A (1970) Microfossils from Sinjar Formation. J Geol Soc Iraq 13:3–7
Baziany MMQ (2006) Stratigraphy and sedimentology of former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Sulaimani, Iraq-Kurdistan Region, 103
Bellen RC, Van Dunnington HV, Wetzel R, Morton D (1959) Lexique Stratigraphic International. Asie, Fasc. 10a, Iraq, Paris, 333
Bodelle J, Campredon R, Calvez YLE (1968) Donnees preliminaires sur la microstratigraphie des marnes eocenes dans les Alpes-Maritimes (Franco-Italiennes) et les Basses-Alpes. Bull BRGM 1(2):87–94
Buday T (1980) Regional geology of Iraq. In: Stratigraphy by Kassab IIM, Jassim SZ (eds) D. G. Geological Survey Mineral Investigation 1:445
Crotty KJ, Engelhardt DW (1993) Larger foraminifera and palynomorphs of the upper Malawa and lower Tonasa Formations, southwestern Sulawesi island, Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biostratigraphy of mainland Southeast Asia: Facies and Paleontology. Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, 71–82
Ditmar V, Iraqi Soviet Team (1971) Geological conditions and hydrocarbon prospects of the Republic of Iraq (northern and central parts). Technical Export Report, INOC Library, Baghdad
Doornink HW (1932) Tertiary Nummulitidae from Java. Verhandelingen van het Geologischen Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap voor Nederland en Koloniën 9:267–315
Douvillé H (1912) Les foraminifères de l’île de Nias. Sammlungen des Geologischen Reichsmuseums in Leiden 8:253–278
Eames FE (1952) A contribution to the study of the Eocene in western Pakistan and western India, Part A., The geology of the standard sections in the western Punjab and in the Kohat District. Geol Soc London Q J 107:159–172
El-Eisa MES (1992) Coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, Kirkuk and surrounding areas. Iraqi Geol J 25(2):17–32
Evans P (1932) Explanatory notes to accompany a table showing the tertiary succession in Assam. Trans Mining Geol Inst India 27:155–260
Garg R, Jain KP (1995) Significance of the terminal Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil marker Micula prinsii at the Cretaceous toTertiary boundary in the Um Sohryngkew River Section, Meghalaya. India Curr Sci 66(12):1012–1017
Ghafor IM (2004) Biometric analysis of Lepidocyclina (Nephrolepidina) and Miogypsinoids from Baba and Azkand formations (Oligocene to Miocene) in Kirkuk area, Iraq. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis., College of Science. University of Sulaimani, Iraq, 170
Ghosh AMN (1940) The stratigraphical position of the Cherra sandstone, Assam. Rec Geol SurvIndia 75:1–19
Haq BU, Hardenbol J, Vail PR (1987) Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 235:1156–1167
Hay JT, Hart RE (1959) Final report on Well Anah-2, M.P.C. report, INOC library, No. FWR7, Baghdad
Herb R, Hekel H (1975) Nummuliten aus dem Obereocaen von Possagno. Schweizerische pal Abh, Basel 97:113–211
Hӧttinger L (1960a) Recherches sur les Alveolines du Paleocene et de I’Eocene, − Memorial Suisses pal 75/76:243
Hӧttinger L (1960b) Uber Paleocene and Eocene Alveolinan. Eclogae Geol Helv 53:265–283
Hӧttinger L (1971) Larger foraminifera common to Mediterranean and Indian and Eocene formations. Ann Inst Geol Publ Hung Budapest 54:145–151
Höttinger L (2007) Revision of the foraminiferal genus Globoreticulina Rahaghi, 1978, and of its associated fauna of larger foraminifera from the late Middle Eocene of Iran. Carnets de Géologie Notebooks on Geology, Brest, Article 2007/06 (CG2007-A06), 51
James GA, Wynd JG (1965) Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area. Am Assoc Petrolum Geol Bull 49(12):2182–2245
Jauhri AK (1994) Carbonate buildup in the Lakadong Formation of the South Shillong Plateau, north east India: a micropalacontological perspective. In: Mattcucci R et al (eds) Studies on Ecology and Paleoecology of Benthic communities. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, Spee, Modena, 2:157–169
Jauhri AK (1996) Ranikothalia nuttalli (Davies), a distinctive early Ilerdian marker in the South Shillong Plateau, north east, India. In: Pandey J, Azmi RJ, Bhandari A, Drave A (eds) Contributions to XV Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy Dehra Dun, 209–218
Jauhri AK (1997) Post-Cretaceous record of larger foraminifera from the Shillong Plateau, India: an evidence of environmental recovery during Early Cenozoic. Palaeobotanist 46(1, 2):118–126
Jauhri AK, Agarwal KK (2001) Early Palaeogene in the south Shillong Plateau, NE India: local biostratigraphic signals of global tectonic and oceanic changes. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 168:187–203
Jauhri et al (2006) Larger foraminiferal and calcareous algal facies in the lakadong formation of the south Shillong Plateau, NE India. J Paleontol Soc India 51(2):51–61
Kadri I (1995) Petroleum geology of Pakistan. 117–119
Kalantari A (1981) Iranian fossils. National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran
Kapellos C, Schaub H (1973) Zur korrelation von biozonierungen mit grossforaminiferen und nannoplankton in Palaogen der Pyrenean. Ecol Geol Helv 66:687–737
Karim KH (2003) A conglomerate bed as a possible lower boundary of Qulqula Formation, from Chuarta-Said Sadiq area, NE-Iraq. Kurdistan Acad J (KAJ) 2:9–18
Karim KH, Baziany MMQ (2007) Relation between Qulqula conglomerate formation and red bed series, at Qulqula Area, NE-Iraq. Iraqi J Earth Sci 7(1):1–12
Kazmi AH, Rana RA (1982) Tectonics map of Pakistan at a scale of 1:200,000. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta
Leven EJA (1993) Early Permian fusulinids from the Central Pamir. Riv Ital Paleontol Stratigr 99(2):151–198
Leven EJA (1997) Permian stratigraphy and Fusulinida of Afghanistan with their paleotectonic implications. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 316:1–134
Matsumaru K, Sarma A (2010) Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the lower Tertiary of Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, NE India. Micropaleontology 56(6):539
Mc Dougell JM, Khan SH (1990) Strike slip faults in the foreland fold thrust belt; the Kalabagh fault and western Salt range, Pakistan. Tectonics 9:1061–1075
Meissner CR, Master JM, Rashid MA, Hussain M (1974) Geology of the Kohat quadrangle. West Pakistan U S Geol Surv (IR) PK-28:1–75
Metcalfe I (1994) Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Palaeogeography of Eastern Pangea and Tethys. In: Embry AF, Beauchamp B, Glass DJ (eds) Pangea: global environments and resources. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 17:97–111
Metcalfe I (1996a) Gondwanaland dispersion, Asian accretion and evolution of Eastern Tethys. Aust J Earth Sci 43(6):605–623
Metcalfe I (1996c) IGCP Lecture In: Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion. The Australian Geologist 98:23–9
Montenat C, Blondeau A, Bizon G, Perreau M, Raju DSN, Roman J (1977) Premier apercu du Tertiare d’Oman (pen-insule arabique oriental). Bull Soc Geol Fr 19:1285–1295
Murty KN (1983) Geology and hydrocarbon prospect of Assam shelf: recent advances and present status. In: Petroliferous Basin of India. Petroleum Asia Journal. Bhandari LL et al (eds) Dehradun, 1:1–14
Nafarieh et al. (2012) Biofacies and paleoecology of the Jahrum Formation in Lar area, Zargos Basin (south west Iran). IJST 51–60
Nagappa Y (1959) Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of Cretaceous-Eocene succession in the India-Pakistan-Burma region. Micropaleontology 5(2):141–181
Nolan SC, Skelton PW, Clissold BP, Smewing JD (1990) Maastrichtian to early Tertiary stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the central and northern Oman Mountains. In: Robertson AH, Searle MP, Ries AC (eds) the Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region. Geological Society, London, 495–519
Okay AO (2000) Was the Late Triassic Orogeny in Turkey caused by the collision of an oceanic plateau. In: Bozkurt E, Winchester JA, Piper JDA (eds) Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and the surrounding area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173:25–42
Orue-Etxebarria X, Pujalte V, Bernaola G, Apellaniz E, Baceta JI, Payros A, Nuñez-Betelu K, Serra-Kiel J, Tosquella J (2001) Did the Late Paleocene thermal maximum affect the evolution of larger foraminifers. Evidence from calcareous plankton of the Campo Section (Pyrenees, Spain). Mar Micropaleontol 41:45–71
Pivnik DA, Khan MJ (1996) Transition from foreland to piggyback basin, Plio-Pliestocene upper Siwalik Group, north west Pakistan. Sedimentology 43:631–646
Pivnik DA, Wells NA (1966) The translation from Tethys to the Himalaya as recorded in northwest Pakistan. Geol Soc Am Bull 108:1295–1313
Pujalte V, Baceta JI, Payros A, Orue-Etxebarria X, Serra-Kiel J (1994) Late Cretaceous-Middle Eocene sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the SW and W Pyrenees (Pamplona and Basque Basins, Spain). Field Seminar: G.E.P. and I.G.C.P. (Early Paleogene Benthos) 286:118
Racey A (1994) Biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeographic significance of Tertiary nummulitids (foraminifera) from Northern Oman. In: Simmons MD (ed) Micropalaeontology and hydrocarbon exploration in the Middle East. Chapman-Hall, London, pp 343–370
Racey A (1995) Palaeoenvironmental significance of larger foraminiferal biofabrics: implications for petroleum exploration. In: Al-Husseini MI (ed) Middle East Petroleum Geosciences, American Association of Petroluem Geologists (Behrain) 94(2):793–810
Rahaghi A (1980) Tertiary faunal assemblage of Qom-Kashan, Sabzewar and Jahrum area. National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, p 16
Rahaghi A (1983) Stratigraphy and faunal assemblage of Paleocene to Lower Eocene in Iran. Natl IranOil Co Tehran 10:1–73
Renema W (2002) Larger foraminifera as marine environmental indicatiors. Scr Geol 124:1–236
Robador A, Samso JM, Serra-Kiel J, Tosquella J (1991) Introduction to the early paleogene of the South Pyrenean Basin Field guide. In: Barnolas A, Robador A, Serra-Kiel J, Caus E (eds). I.G.C.P. First Meeting, Jaca, Field-trip guide, 286:131–159
Sahni A, Kumar V (1974) Palaeogene palaeogeography of the Indian subcontinent. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatal Paleoecol 15:209–226
Samanta BK (1981) Two stratigraphically important nummulites from the middle Eocene of India and Europe. Palaeontology 24:803–826
Sameeni SJ, Nazir N, Abdul-Karim A, Naz H (2009) Paleogene biostratigraphy of Kohat area, northern Pakistan. Geol Bull Punjab Univ 44:27–42
Sander NJ (1962) Apcrcu peteontologic et stratigraphique du Paleogene en Arabic Seoudite Orientale. Rev Micropaleontol 5:3–40
Sarkar SS (1968) The lutetian transgression. Paleontol Lab 33/4 Brindaban Mullick Lane Howrah 35(6):763–770
Schaub H (1966) Ueber die Grossforaminiferen im Untereocaen von Campo (Ober-aragonien). Eclogae Geol Helv 59:355–377
Schaub H (1973) La seccion de campo (provincia de Huesca). XIII Coloquio Europeeo de Micropaleontologia, Enadimsa, Madrid, pp 151–170
Schaub H (1981) Nummulites et Assilines de la Tethys paleogene. Taxinomie, phylogenese et biostratigraphie. Memorial Suisses pal, p 104–236
Scheibner C, Speijer RP (2008) Decline of coral reefs during Late Paleocene to Early Eocene global warming. Earth 3:19–26
Scheibner C, Speijer RP, Marzouk AM (2005) Larger foraminiferal turnover during the Paleocene⁄Eocene thermal maximum and paleoclimatic control on the evolution of platform ecosystems. Geology 33:493–496
Searle MP, Khan M, Blixniak P, Dipitro J, Gactaine M, Izatt C, Pivnik D, Pogae K, Sercombe W, Treloar P, Zaidi A (1996) Geological map of northern Pakistan. Oxford Univ Oxford England 1:650,000
Sengor AMC (1984) The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia’. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 195:82
Sengor AMC, Natal’in BA (1996) Natal’in, Paleotectonics of Asia: fragments of a synthesis. In: Yin A, Harrison TM (eds) The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 486–640
Sengor AMC, Altiner D, Cin A, Ustaömer T, Hsü KJ (1988) Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwanaland. In: Audley-Charles MG, Hallam A (eds) Gondwana and Tethys, Geological Society Special Publication 37:81–119
Serra-Kiel J, Candudo JI, Dinares J, Molina E, Ortiz N, Pascual JO, Samso JM, Tosquella J (1994) Cronoestratigrafia de los sedimentos marinos del Terciario inferior de la Cuenca de Graus-Tremp (Zona Central Pirenaica). Rev Soc Geol Espana 7(3–4):273–297
Serra-Kiel J, Hottinger L, Caus E, Drobne K, Ferrandez C, Jauhri AK, Less G, Pavlovec R, Pignatti J, Samso JM, Schaub H, Sirel E, Strougo A, Tambareau Y, Tosquella J, Zakrevskaya E (1998) Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene. Bull Soc Geol Fr 169:281–300
Seyrafian A, Hamedani A (2003) Microfacies and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the lower Asmari Formation (Oligocene), north-central Zagros Basin, Iran. Neues Jb Geol Paläontol Monat 3:164–174
Seyrafian A, Vaziri-Moghaddam H, Torabi H (1996) Biostratigraphy of the Asmari Formation, Burujen area, Iran. J Sci Islam Rebublic Iran 7(1):31–48
Smith AG, Smith DG, Funnell BM (1994) Atlas of mesozoic and cenozoic coastlines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 99
Stampfli GM (2000) Tethyan oceans. In: Bozkurt E, Winchester JA, Piper JDA (eds) Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and the surroundings area, Geological Society of London. Special Publication, London, pp 1–23
Tambareau Y (1972) Thanetien superieur et Ilerdien inferieur des Petites Pyrenees, du Plantaurel et Chainons audois. Trav. Lab. Geologie-Petrologie, Universite Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, p 377
Tambareau Y, Villatte J (1977) L Eocene marin du domaine souspyreneen. In: Pyrenees orientales, Corbieres. Guides grologiques regionaux, Masson, Paris, 106–117
Tambareau Y, Crochet B, Villatte J, Deramond J (1994) Eastern end of the Petites Pyrenees and Plantaurel. In: Introduction to the Early Paleogene of the North Pyrenean Basin, Early Paleogene Benthos. Fourth Meeting Aspet (France), Laboratoire de Geologie Structurale et Tectonophysique, University. Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, IGCP 286:15–32
Thomas E, Zachos JC, Bralower TJ (2000) Deep-sea environments on a warm earth: latest paleocene-early eocene. In: Huber B, MacLeod K, Wing S (eds) Warm Climates in Earth History. Cambridge University Press, 132–160
Triphathi C, Mamgain VD (1986) The larger foraminifera from the Rengging Formation (Early Eocene) of east Siang District, Arunachal Pradish. J Paleaontol Soc India 31:76–84
Verbeek RDM (1981) Voorlopig bericht over den Nummulieten, Orbitoiden en Alveolinen van Java, en over den ouderdom der gesteenten waarin zij optreden. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlansch Oost-Indië 51(12):101–139
Verbeek RDM, Fennema R (1896) Geologische Beschrijving van Java en Madoera. Amsterdam, J.G. Stemler Cz, 1155
Wan X (1991) Palaeocene larger foraminifera from southern Tibet. Rev Espanoloa de Micropaleontol 23(3):7–28
White MR (1994) Foraminiferal biozonation of the northern Oman tertiary carbonate succession. In: Simmons MD (eds) Micropalaeontology and hydrocarbon exploration in the middle east. London Chapman and Hall, 309–341
Wilson MEJ (1995) The Tonasa Limestone Formation, Sulawesi, Indonesia: development of a Tertiary carbonate platform. Ph.D. Thesis London, Royal Holloway University
Acknowledgments
We greatly acknowledge the facilities and finances provided by the Department of Geology, University of Peshawar and the funding support from the NRPU project funding 960 by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmad, S., Jalal, W., Ali, F. et al. Using larger benthic foraminifera for the paleogeographic reconstruction of Neo-Tethys during Paleogene. Arab J Geosci 8, 5095–5110 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1549-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1549-x