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Modulation of Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Role of Chemokines and Sphingolipids

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Abstract

Neuroinflammation is a process involved in the pathogenesis of different disorders, both autoimmune, such as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, and degenerative, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. In the central nervous system, the local milieu is tightly regulated by different mediators, among which are chemoattractant cytokines, also known as chemokines. These small molecules are able to modulate trafficking of immune cells in the course of nervous system development or in response to tissue damage, and different patterns of chemokine molecule and receptor expression have been described in several neuroinflammatory disorders. In recent years, a number of studies have highlighted a pivotal role of sphingolipids in regulating neuroinflammation. Sphingolipids have different functions, among which are the control of leukocyte egress from lymphonodes into inflamed tissues, the expression of various mediators of inflammation and a direct effect on the cells of the central nervous system as regulators of neuroinflammation. In the future, a better knowledge of these two groups of mediators could provide insight into the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders and could help develop novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.

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Acknowledgements

No funding or sponsorship was received for this study or publication of this article. Patient association Gruppo Italiano LES contributed a bursary to Dr. Roberta Gualtierotti; Ricerca Corrente 2015 and 2016, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico contributed a grant to Dr. Giovanni Marfia. All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given final approval for the version to be published.

Disclosures

Roberta Gualtierotti, Laura Guarnaccia, Matteo Beretta, Stefania E Navone, Rolando Campanella, Laura Riboni, Paolo Rampini and Giovanni Marfia declare no personal, financial, commercial, or academic conflicts of interest for this article.

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This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not involve any new studies of human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lupus Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, ASST G. Pini, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Roberta Gualtierotti

  2. Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Laura Guarnaccia, Matteo Beretta, Stefania E. Navone, Rolando Campanella, Paolo Rampini & Giovanni Marfia

  3. Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Laura Riboni

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Gualtierotti, R., Guarnaccia, L., Beretta, M. et al. Modulation of Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Role of Chemokines and Sphingolipids. Adv Ther 34, 396–420 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-016-0474-7

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