Abstract
Primula veris L. (Primulaceae) is a long lived perennial and well known pharmaceutical plant, widely collected for these reasons in almost all SE Europe and particularly in Kosovo. The aim of the study is to determine molecular polymorphism of cowslip (P. veris L.) populations from Kosovo. DNA extracted from leaves were investigated in details for presence of polymorphism. RAPD analyses were conducted using 20 different short primers. Genomic DNA amplification profiles were analyzed and processed using data labelling. Comparison between cowslip populations in genetic composition revealed that samples from Bogaj were too distinct on their own. Molecular variation was observed to be more within populations (73 %) as compared to among populations (27 %). On the other hand, genetic distance of populations revealed that the highest genetic distance is between Leqinat and Maja e Madhe. Mean values of expected heterozygosity were highest in Bogaj population, while lowest in Maja e Madhe population. The obtained results indicated that Bogaj population are more polymorphic. From the obtained data it can be concluded that RAPD markers provided a useful technique to study genetic diversity in P. veris L. populations. This technology allows identification and assessment of the genetic similarities and differences among plant populations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- RAPD:
-
Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
References
Antrobus S, Lack AJ (1993) Genetics of colonizing and established populations of Primula veris. Heredity 71:252–258
Barrett SCH, Kohn JR (1991) Genetic and evolutionary consequences of small population size in plants: implications for conservation. In: Falk DA, Holsinger KE (eds) Genetics and conservation of rare plants. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 3–30
Briggs J, Panfili PR (1991) Quantitation of DNA and protein impurities in biopharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 63:850–859
Brys R, Jacquemyn H (2009) Biological flora of the British Isles: Primula veris L. J Ecol 97:581–600. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01495.x
Brys R, Jacquemyn H, Endels P, De Blust G, Hermy M (2005) Effect of habitat deterioration on population dynamics and extinction risks in a previously common perennial. Conserv Biol 19:1633–1643. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00216.x
Daskalova E, Dontcheva S, Zekaj Z, Bacu A, Sota V, Abdullai K, Gashi B, Minkov I, Kongjika E (2012) Initial determination of ploymorphism and in vitro conservation of some Ramonda serbica and Ramonda nathaliae populations from Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria. Biotech Biotech Eq 26:16–25. doi:10.5504/50YRTIMB.2011.0004
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus 12:13–15
Ellstrand NC, Elam DR (1993) Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24:217–242. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.001245
Frankham R (1995) Conservation genetics. Annu Rev Genetics 29:305–327. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.29.120195.001513
García MB, Ehrlén J (2002) Reproductive effort and herbivory timing in a perennial herb: fitness components at the individual and population levels. Am J Bot 89:1295–1302. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1295
Glover BJ, Abbott RJ (1994) Low genetic diversity in the Scottish endemic Primula scotica Hook. New Phytol 129:147–153. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03018.x
Hamrick JL, Godt MJ (1990) Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Brown AHD, Clegg MT, Kahler AL, Weir BS (eds) Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources. Sinauer Associates Inc., MA, pp 43–63
Hegi G (1975) Illustrierte Flora Von Mittel-Europa. 5. Band: Dicotyledones. Koeltz Scientific Books, Berlin
Keller BM, de Vos J, Conti E (2012) Decrease of sexual organ reciprocity between heterostylous primrose species, with possible functional and evolutionary implications. Ann Bot 110:1233–1244. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs199
Kéry M, Matthies D, Spillmann HH (2000) Reduced fecundity and offspring performance in small populations of the declining grassland plants Primula veris and Gentiana lutea. J Ecol 88:17–30. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00422.x
Leimu R, Mutikainen P, Koricheva J, Fischer M (2006) How general are positive relationships between plant population size, fitness, and genetic variation? J Ecol 94:942–952. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01150.x
Menges ES, Dolan RW (1998) Demographic viability of populations of Silene regia in midwestern prairies: relationships with fire management, genetic variation, geographic location, population size and isolation. J Ecol 86:63–78. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00234.x
Millaku F (1999) Flora subalpika dhe alpike e Alpeve Shqiptare. PhD, FMNS, University of Prishtina. Prishtinë, Kosovë. (in Albanian)
Millaku F (2005) Diversiteti i Florës së masivit malor të Gjervaicës. Kërkime - ASHAK 13:143–151 (in Albanian)
Millaku F (2010) Inventory of medicinal and aromatic plants and wild berries in Kosovo. (Report). Availabe online at: http://www.helvetas-ks.org/HPK/documentation/technical_reports/101007RaportiiinvetaritteBMAdhePFE_en.pdf
Millaku F, Rexhepi F, Krasniqi E, Pajazitaj Q, Mala X, Berisha N (2013) Red book of Vasular Flora of the Republic of Kosovo. MESP, Prishtinë
Morozowska M, Krzakowa M (2003) Genetic variation in natural and cultivated populations of Primula veris. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica 45(2):177–182
Newman D, Pilson D (1997) Increased probability of extinction due to decreased genetic effective population size: experimental populations of Clarkia pulchella. Evol 51:354–362
Oostermeijer JGB, Luyten SH, den Nijs HCM (2003) Integrating demographic and genetic approaches in plant conservation. Biol Conserv 113:389–398. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00127-7
Ouborg NJ, Vergeer P, Mix C (2006) The rough edges of the conservation genetics paradigm for plants. J Ecol 94:1233–1248. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01167.x
Peakall R, Smouse P (2006) Genalex 6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6:288–295. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x
Reed MJ, Mills LS, Dunning JB, Menges ES, McKelvey KS, Frye R, Beissinger SR, Anstett MC, Miller P (2002) Emerging issues in population viability analysis. Conserv Biol 16:7–19. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.99419.x
Rexhepi F (2003) Bimët mjekësore. Dukagjini, Pejë, Kosovo (in Albanian)
Schemske DW, Husband BC, Ruckelshaus MH, Goodwillie C, Parker IM, Bishop JG (1994) Evaluating approaches to the conservation of rare and endangered plants. Ecol 75:584–606. doi:10.2307/1941718
Schmiderer C, Mader E, Novak J (2010) DNA based identification of Helleborus niger by High-Resolution Melting Analysis. Planta Medica 76:1934–1937. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1249908
Sørensen SB, Larsen B, Orabi J, Ørgaard M (2014) Primula farinosa in Denmark; genetic diversity and population management. Nordic J Bot 8:1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00362.x
Tamm CO (1972) Survival and flowering of perennial herbs. III. The behaviour of Primula veris on permanent plots. Oikos 23:159–166
Vergeer P, Rengelink R, Copal A, Ouborg NJ (2003) The interacting effects of genetic variation, habitat quality and population size on performance of Succisa pratensis. J Ecol 91:18–26. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00736.x
Webster MA, Gilmartin PM (2006) Analysis of late stage flower development in Primula vulgaris reveals novel differences in cell morphology and temporal aspects of floral heteromorphy. New Phytol 171:591–603. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01719.x
Woodell SRJ (1960) What pollinates primulas? New Sci 8:568–571
Wright S, Gaut B (2005) Population genetics and the search for adaptive evolution in plants. Mol Biol Evol 22(3):506–519. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi035
Young A, Boyle T, Brown T (1996) The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants. Trends Ecol Evol 11:413–418. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10045-8
Acknowledgments
This work has been carried out with financial support from the German phytoneering company Bionorica SE, which is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Berisha, N., Millaku, F., Gashi, B. et al. Initial determination of DNA polymorphism of some Primula veris L. populations from Kosovo and Austria. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 21, 117–122 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-014-0275-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-014-0275-x