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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Biological and Biochemical Potential of Sea Snake Venom and Characterization of Phospholipase A2 and Anticoagulation Activity

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This article was retracted on 21 December 2020

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Abstract

This study is designed to isolate and purify a novel anti-clotting protein component from the venom of Enhydrina schistosa, and explore its biochemical and biological activities. The active protein was purified from the venom of E. schistosa by ion-exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose. The venom protein was tested by various parameters such as, proteolytic, haemolytic, phospholipase and anti-coagulant activities. 80 % purity was obtained in the final stage of purification and the purity level of venom was revealed as a single protein band of about 44 kDa in SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The results showed that the Potent hemolytic activity was observed against cow, goat, chicken and human (A, B and O positive) erythrocytes. Furthermore, the clotting assays showed that the venom of E. schistosa significantly prolonged in activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and prothrombin time. Venomous enzymes which hydrolyzed casein and gelatin substrate were found in this venom protein. Gelatinolytic activity was optimal at pH 5–9 and 1H NMR analysis of purified venom was the base line information for the structural determination. These results suggested that the E. schistosa venom holds good promise for the development of novel lead compounds for pharmacological applications in near future.

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Abbreviations

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

EDTA:

Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

CaCl2 :

Calcium chloride

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

E. schistosa :

Enhydrina schistosa

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Tris:

Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane

HEPES:

(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)

RT:

Recalcification time

APTT:

Activated partial thromboplastin time

PT:

Prothrombin time

TT:

Thrombin time

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Ministry of Earth Science (MoES major project reference No. MOES/9-DS/06/2007/Pc-IV-IV), Govt. of India, for providing financial supports under the scheme “drugs from the sea” programs. The authors are grateful to the institute of Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India, for technical support.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Correspondence to Palani Damotharan or Anguchamy Veeruraj.

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Damotharan, P., Veeruraj, A., Arumugam, M. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Biological and Biochemical Potential of Sea Snake Venom and Characterization of Phospholipase A2 and Anticoagulation Activity. Ind J Clin Biochem 31, 57–67 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-015-0500-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-015-0500-6

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