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Particle-size-dependent upconversion luminescence of NaYF4: Yb, Er nanoparticles in organic solvents and water at different excitation power densities

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Abstract

A systematic study of the luminescence properties of monodisperse β-NaYF4: 20% Yb3+, 2% Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with sizes ranging from 12–43 nm is presented utilizing steady-state and time-resolved fluorometry. Special emphasis was dedicated to the absolute quantification of size- and environment-induced quenching of upconversion luminescence (UCL) by high-energy O–H and C–H vibrations from solvent and ligand molecules at different excitation power densities (P). In this context, the still-debated population pathways of the 4F9/2 energy level of Er3+ were examined. Our results highlight the potential of particle size and P value for color tuning based on the pronounced near-infrared emission of 12 nm UCNPs, which outweighs the red Er3+ emission under “strongly quenched” conditions and accounts for over 50% of total UCL in water. Because current rate equation models do not include such emissions, the suitability of these models for accurately simulating all (de)population pathways of small UCNPs must be critically assessed. Furthermore, we postulate population pathways for the 4F9/2 energy level of Er3+, which correlate with the size-, environment-, and P-dependent quenching states of the higher Er3+ energy levels.

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Acknowledgements

U. R. G. acknowledges financial support by research grants RE 1203/18-1 (German research council; DFG) and RE 1203/20-1 (project NANOHYPE; DFG and M-Eranet) and M. K. from the Ph.D. program of BAM. Moreover, COST Action CM1403, the European upconversion network from the design of photon-upconverting nanomaterials to (biomedical) applications, is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.2 Biophotonics, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    Marco Kraft, Christian Würth & Ute Resch-Genger

  2. Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany

    Verena Muhr & Thomas Hirsch

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  1. Marco Kraft
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  2. Christian Würth
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Correspondence to Ute Resch-Genger.

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12274_2018_2159_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Particle-size-dependent upconversion luminescence of NaYF4: Yb, Er nanoparticles in organic solvents and water at different excitation power densities

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Kraft, M., Würth, C., Muhr, V. et al. Particle-size-dependent upconversion luminescence of NaYF4: Yb, Er nanoparticles in organic solvents and water at different excitation power densities. Nano Res. 11, 6360–6374 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2159-9

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