Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuroendocrine Tumors of Extrahepatic Biliary Tract

  • Review
  • Published:
Pathology & Oncology Research

Abstract

Neuroendocrine tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts (EBNETs) are very rare. The aim of the present review is to elucidate the characteristics of EBNETs, their treatment and prognosis. An exhaustive systematic review of the literature was performed from 1959 up-to-date. One hundred articles, describing 150 cases were collected. Each article was carefully analyzed and a database was created. The most common symptoms were jaundice (60.3 %) and pruritus (19.2 %). Cholelithiasis co-existed in 15 cases (19.2 %). Hormone- and vasoactive peptide- related symptoms were present in only 7 cases (9 %). The most frequent sites were found to be the common hepatic duct and the proximal common bile duct (19.2 %). Surgical management was considered the main treatment for EBNETs, while excision of extrahepatic biliary tree (62.82 %) with portal vein lymphadenectomy (43.6 %) was the most popular procedure. EBNETs are extremely rare. Their rarity makes their characterization particularly difficult. Up to date the final diagnosis is made after surgery by pathology and immunohistochemistry findings. The present analysis of the existing published cases elucidates many aspects of these tumours, giving complete clinicopathological documentation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

NET:

Neuroendocrine tumor

EBNET:

Extrahepatic biliary neuroendocrine tumor

WHO:

Word health organization

APUD:

Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation

SD:

Standard deviation

NSE:

Neuron-specific enolase

ERCP:

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

VIP:

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

CT:

Computed tomography

MRI:

Magnetic resonance image

VHL:

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

5-HIAA:

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

ZES:

Zollinger ellison syndrome

PTC:

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

G:

Grade

HPF:

High power fields

References

  1. Are C, Gonen M, D’Angelina M, RP D m, Fong Y, Blumgart LH (2006) Differential diagnosis of proximal biliary obstruction. Surgery 140:756–763

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Modlin IM, Shapiro MD, Kidd M (2005) An analysis of rare carcinoid tumors: Clarifying these clinical conundrums. World J Surg 29:92–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Modlin IM, Sandor A (1997) An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoids tumors. Cancer 79:813–819

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Capella C, Solcia E, Sobin LH, Arnold R (2000) Endocrine tumours of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. In: Hamilton R, Aaltonen LA (eds) Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Digestive System. WHO Classification of Tumours. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 214–266

    Google Scholar 

  5. Davies AJ (1959) Carcinoidtumors (argentaffinomata). Ann R CollSurgEngl 25:277–280

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ferrone CR, Tang LH, D’Angelica M, DeMatteo RP, Blumgart LH, Klimstra DS et al (2007) Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoid tumors: malignant biliary obstruction with a good prognosis. J Am CollSurg 205(2):357–61

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sethi H, Madanur M, Srinivasan P, Portmann B, Heaton N, Rela M (2007) Non-functioning well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the extrahepatic bile duct: an unusual suspect? HepatobiliaryPancreat Dis Int 6(5):549–52

    Google Scholar 

  8. Pilz E (1961) Ubereinkarzinoid des ductuscholedochus (in German). ZentralblChir 86:1588–1590

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Little JM, Gibson AA, Kay AW (1968) Primary common bile-duct carcinoid. Br J Surg 55:147–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Godwin JD (1975) Carcinoid tumours. An analysis of 2,837 cases. Cancer 36:560–569

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bergdahl L (1976) Carcinoid tumours of the biliary tract. Aust N Z J Surg 46:136–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Judge DM, Dickman PS, Trapukdi BS (1976) Nonfunctioning argyrophilictumour (APUDoma) of the hepatic duct: simplified methods of detecting biogenic amines in tissue. Am J PatholClin 66:40–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Schwesinger G (1978) Carcinoid tumor of the bile ducts (in German). Z ArztlFortbild (Jena) 72(16):796–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gerlock AJ Jr, Muhletaler CA (1979) Primary common bile duct carcinoid. GastrointestRadiol 4:263–264

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sbaffi E, Panucci A, Reale R, Persia A, Gucciardo G (1980) A case of hepato-biliary carcinoid (in Italian). Chir Ital 32(4):896–902

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Machado MC, Penteado S, Bacchella T, Betallero A, da Cunha JE, Faintuch J (1981) Carcinoid tumor (apudoma) of the junction of the main hepatic ducts. Rev HospClinFac Med Sao Paulo 36:139–142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Vitaux J, Salmon RJ, Languille O, Buffet C, Martin E, Chaput JC (1981) Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct. Am J Gastroenterol 76:360–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Abe V, Itoh H, Yoshida M (1983) Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct: report of a case. Stomach Intestine 18:543–548

    Google Scholar 

  19. Steenbergen VW, Fevery J, Vanstabel J, Geboes K, Ponette E, Kerremans R (1983) Case report: Fourteen-year follow-up an apudoma of the bile ducts at the hilum of the liver. Gastroenterol 1585–1591

  20. Goodman ZD, Albores-Saavedra J, Lundblad DM (1984) Somatostatinoma of the cystic duct. Cancer 53:498–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jutte DL, Bell RH Jr, Penn I, Powers J, Kolinjivadi J (1986) Carcinoid tumor of the biliary system. Case report and literature review. Dig Dis Sci 32:763–769

    Google Scholar 

  22. Alexander IA, Thomson KR, Kune GA (1986) Primary common bile duct carcinoid: demonstration by computerised tomography,ultrasonography and angiography. AustralasRadiol 30:34–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Badowski A, Sośnicki W, Dumański Z, Kaszyński H (1986) Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct (Article in Polish). WiadLek 39(10):694–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nicolescu PG, Popescu A (1986) Carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct (in Rumanian). MorpholEmbryol (Bucur) 32:275–277

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gastinger I, Schütze U, Beetz G, Lippert H (1987) Obstructive jaundice caused by a carcinoid tumor of the hepatocholedochal duct (in German). ZentralblChir 112(18):1170–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bickerstaff DR, Ross WB (1987) Carcinoid of the biliary tree: a case report and review of the literature. J R CollSurgEdinb 32:48–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Anez MS, Zabala Nava R, Zabaleta P, Villegas SR (1987) Carcinoid tumor in aberrant pancreas of the choledochus (in Spanish). GEN 41(3):108–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Reinhardt D, Thiele H, Weber JC, Hofmann WJ (1988) Carcinoid of the ductuscholedochus. A rare cause of obstructive jaundice (in German). Chirurg 59:683–687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fujita N, Mochizuki F, Lee S, Satoh K, Kobayashi G, Yano A (1989) Carcinoid tumour of the bile duct: case report. GastrointestRadiol 14:151–154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chittal SM, Ra PM (1989) Carcinoid of the cystic duct. Histopathology 15:643–646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yoshida N, Ueno Y, Sumino Y, Wakabayashi M, Atobe T (1989) A case of carcinoid tumor of the common hepatic duct (in Japanese). Nippon ShokGakkaiZasshi 86(11):2617–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Van der Wal AC, Van Leeuwen DJ, Walford N (1989) Small cell neuroendocrine (oat cell) tumour of the common bile duct. Histopathology 16:398–400

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wrazildo W, Gamroth A, Hofmann WJ, Koch K (1989) PrimaresKarzinoid des ductuccholedochus. Radiologe 29:191–194

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bumin C, Ormeci N, Dolapci M, Gungor S (1990) Carcinoid tumor of the biliary duct. IntSurg 75:262–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Fellows IW, Leach IH, Smith PG, Toghill PJ, Doran J (1990) Carcinoid tumour of the common bile duct–a novel complication of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Gut 31(6):728–9

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Carle JP, Tarasco A, Daude M, Nayraud P, Gislon J (1990) Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct in a 13-year-old girl. Presse Med 19(42):1946–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Brown WM, Henderson JM, Kennedy JC (1990) Carcinoid tumour of the bile duct. A case report and literature review. Am Surg 56:343–346

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hsu W, Deziel DJ, Gould VE, Warren WH, Gooch GT, Staren ED (1991) Neuroendocrine differentiation and prognosis of extrahepatic biliary tract carcinoma. Surgery 110:604–610

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Barron-Rodriguez LP, Manivel JC, Mendez-Sanchez N, Jessurun J (1991) Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct: evidence for its origin in metaplastic endocrine cells. Am J Gastroenterol 86:1073–1076

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Besznyak I, Tasnadi G, Hirsch T, Koves I, Schaff Z, Lapis K (1991) Hepato-lobectomy for carcinoid tumor of the hepatic duct (in Hungarian with English abstract). OrvHetil 132:591–594

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Angeles-Angeles A, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Larriva-Sahd J (1991) Primary carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct: Immunohistochemical characterization of a case a review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 96:341–344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Newman K, Vates T, Duffy L, Anderson K (1992) Pancreatoduodenectomy with preservation of the stomach and pylorus: a safe and effective alternative in children. J PediatrSurg 27:1334–1335

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dixon J, Lisehora G, Lee MY (1992) Carcinoid tumour of the common bile duct. ContempSurg 41:37–40

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ueyama T, Ding J, Hashimoto H, Tsuneyoshi M, Enjoji M (1992) Carcinoid tumor arising in the wall of a congenital bile duct cyst. Arch Pathol Lab Med 166:291–293

    Google Scholar 

  45. Rugge M, Sonego F, Militello C, Guido M, Ninfo V (1992) Primary carcinoid tumor of the cystic and common bile ducts. Am J SurgPathol 16:802–807

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gembala RS, Friedman AC, Friedman AC, Radecki PD, Ball DS, Hartman GG et al (1993) Carcinoid of the intrahepatic ducts. Abdom Imaging 18:242–244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sankary HN, Foster P, Frye E, Williams JW (1995) Carcinoid tumours of the extrahepatic bile duct: an unusual cause of bile duct obstruction. Liver TransplSurg 1:122–123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mandujano-Vera G, Angeles-Angeles A (1995) Cruz-HernadezJ, Sansores-Pérez M, Larriva-Sahd J. Gastrinoma of the common bile duct: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of a case. J ClinGastroenterol 20:321–324

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Belli G, Rotondano G, D’Agostino A, Marano I (1996) Primary extrahepatic bile duct carcinoids. HPB Surg 9:101–105

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Kopelman D, Schein M, Kerner H, Bahuss H, Hashmonai M (1996) Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct. HPB Surg 10:41–43

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Meyer CN, Gersdsen J, Christensen N (1997) Limited surgical excision of a localized carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct. DigSurg 14:423–425

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hao L, Friedman AL, Navarro VJ, West B, Robert ME (1996) Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct producing gastrin and serotonin. J ClinGastroenterol 23:63–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Nahas SC, Lourencao JL (1998) GazoniE, MottCde B, Borba MR, Pinto Filho JOet al. Tumour carcinoide de ducto biliar comum: relato de um caso (in Portuguese with English abstract). Rev Hosp Clin Fa Med Sao Paulo 53:26–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Shah IA, Schlageter MO, Wong SX, Gani OS (1998) Carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct. Dig Surg 15:372–373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bembenek A, Lotterer E, Machens A, Cario H, Krause U, Holzhausen H (1998) Neuroendocrine tumor of the common hepatic duct: a rare case of extrahepatic jaundice in adolescence. Surgery 123:712

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Oikawa I, Hirata K (1998) KatsuramakiT, Mukaiya M, Sasaki K, Satoh M. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of extrahepatic biliary tract with positive immunostaining for gastrin-releasing peptide: report of a case. Surg Today 28:1192–1195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Aronsky D, Z’graggen K, Stauffer E, Lange J, Klaiber C (1999) Primary Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Cystic Duct. Digestion 60:493–496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Martignoni ME, Friess H (1999) LubkeD, Uhl W, Maurer C, Müller M et al. Study of a Primary Gastrinoma in the Common Hepatic Duct – A Case Report. Digestion 60:187–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ross AC, Hurley JB, Hay WB, Rusnak CH, Petrunia DM (1999) Carcinoids of the common bile duct: a case report and literature review. Can J Surg 42:59–63

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Perakath B, Chandran BS, Srivastava VM, Nair A, Sitaram V (1999) Carcinoid tumor of common hepatic duct. Indian J Gastroenterol 18:127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hermina M, Starling J, Warner TF (1999) Carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct. Pathol Res Pract 195:707–710

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Chamberlain RS, Blumgart LH (1999) Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic bile duct. A rare cause malignant biliary obstruction. Cancer 86:1956–1965

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chan C, Medina-Franco H, Bell W, Lazenby A, Vickers S (2000) Carcinoid tumor of the hepatic duct presenting as a Klatskin tumor in an adolescent and review of world literature. Hepatogastroenterology 47:519–521

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Lombardi A, Batignani G, Nesi G (2000) Primary carcinoid tumour of the common bile duct. HBP 2:95–100

    Google Scholar 

  65. Juturi JV, Maghfoor I, Doll DC, Evans ML (2000) A case of biliary carcinoid presenting with pancreatitis and obstructive jaundice. Am J Gastroenterol 95:2973–2974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Maitra A, Krueger JE, Tascilar M, Offerhaus GJ, Angeles-Angeles A, Klimstra DS et al (2000) Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts: a study of seven cases. Am J SurgPathol 24:1501–1510

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Jensen SI, Pless T, Mortensen MB (2001) Carcinoid tumor of the choledochus mimicking a bileduct stone during endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Endoscopy 33:100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Turrion VS, Salas C, Alvira LG, Jimenez M, Lucena JL, Ardaiz J (2002) Carcinoid tumour of the common bile duct: an exceptional indication for liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 34:264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pawlik TM, Shah S, Eckhauser FE (2003) Carcinoid tumor of the biliary tract: treating a rare cause of duct obstruction. Am Surg 69:98–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Podnos YD, Jimenez JC, Zainabadi K, Ji P, Cooke J, Bussutil RW et al (2003) Carcinoid tumors of the common bile duct: report of two cases. Surg Today 33:553–555

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Volpe CM, Pryor JP, Caty M, Doerr RJ (2003) An adolescent with bile duct carcinoid tumor. Med Pediatric Oncol 40(2):137–138

    Google Scholar 

  72. El Rass ZS, Mohsine RM, Berger F, Thierry P, Partensky CC (2004) Endocrine tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Pathological and clinical aspects, surgical management and outcome. Hepatogastrenterology 51:1295–1300

    Google Scholar 

  73. Menezes AA, Diver AJ, McCance D, Diamond T (2004) Carcinoid tumour of the extrahepatic bile duct–report of a case and literature review. Ulster Med J 73(1):59–62

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Ligato S, Furmaga W, Cartun RW, Hull D, Tsongalis GJ (2005) Primary carcinoid tumor of the common hepatic duct: a rare case with immunohistochemical and molecular findings. OncolRep 13:543–546

    Google Scholar 

  75. Nesi G, Lombarti A, Batignani G, Ficari F, Rubio CA, Tonelli F (2006) Well-differentiated endocrine tumor of the distal common bile duct: a case study and literature review. Virchows Arch 449:104–111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Pithawala M, Mittal G (2005) PrabhuRY, Kantharia CV, Joshi A. Supe A Carcinoid tumor of bile duct Indian J Gastroenterol 24(6):262–3

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hubert C, Sempoux C, Berquin A, Deprez F, Jamar F, Giqot JF (2005) Bile duct carcinoids tumors: an uncommon disease but with a good prognosis? Hepato-Gastroenterology 52:1042–1047

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Tzimas GN, Vali K, Deschenes M, Marcus VA, Barkun JS, Tchervenkov JI et al (2006) Liver transplantation for metastases from a bile duct carcinoid. HPB 8:67–68

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Kim DH, Song MH, Kim DH (2006) Malignant carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct: report of a case. Surg Today 36(5):485–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Caglikulekci M, Dirlik M, Aydin O, Ozer C, Colak T, Daq A et al (2006) Carcinoid tmour of the common bile duct: report of a case and a review of the literature. Acta ChirBelg 106(1):112–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Honda H, Hayashi S, Sekiguchi Y, Tsukadaira T, Nakamura K (2006) A case of the extrahepatic bile duct carcinoid tumor (in Japanese with English abstract). Nippon ShokakibyoGakkaiZasshi 103(10):1169–75

    Google Scholar 

  82. John BM, Song MH, Park YS, Jo YJ, Kim SH, Lee HH et al (2006) A case of carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct (in Korean with English abstract). Korean J Gastroenterol 47(4):320–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Todoroki T, Sano T, Yamada S, Hirahara N, Toda N, Tsukada K et al (2007) Clear cell carcinoid tumor of the distal common bile duct. W J SurgOnc 17:5–6

    Google Scholar 

  84. Colombo F, Carrara B, Rosato S, Rück F, Simonetti A, Soccio M (2007) Carcinoid tumours of the bile ducts (in Italian with English abstract). ChirItal 59(3):405–10

    Google Scholar 

  85. Stavridi F, Chong H, Chan S, Goldsmith C, Reddy M, Glees J, Benepal T (2007) Neuroendocrine tumour of the cystic duct: a case report and literature review. J Gastrointest Cancer 38(1):32–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Nafidi O, Nguyen BN, Roy A (2008) Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct: A rare complication of vonHippel-Lindau syndrome. W J Gastroenterol 14(8):1299–1301

    Google Scholar 

  87. Schmitt TM, Bonatti H, Hagspiel KD, Iezzoni J, Northup P, Pruett TL (2008) Carcinoid of bile duct difurcation. J Am Coll Surgeons 206(2):399

    Google Scholar 

  88. Gusani NJ, Marsh JW, Nalesnik MA, Tublin ME, Gamblin TC (2008) Carcinoid of the extra-hepatic bile duct: a case report with long-term follow up and review of literature. The Am Surgeon 74:87–91

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ferekouras E, Petrou A, Bramis K, Prassas E, Papaconstantinou I, Dimitriou N et al (2009) Malignant carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct: a rare cause of bile duct obstruction. HepatobiliaryPancreat Dis Int 8(6):640–645

    Google Scholar 

  90. Albores-Saavedra J, Batich K, Hossain S, Henson DE, Schwartz AM (2009) Carcinoid tumors and small cell carcinimas of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts: a comparative study based on 221 cases from the surveillance, epidimiology and end results program. Annals of diagnostic pathology 13:378–383

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Tonnhofer U, Balassy C, Reck CA, Koller A, Horcher E (2009) Neuroendocrine tumor of the common hepatic duct, mimicking a choledochal cyst in a 6-year-old child. J PediartSurg 44:22–25

    Google Scholar 

  92. Price TN, Thompson GB, Lewis JT, Lioyd RV, Young WF (2009) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to primary gastrinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tree: three case reports and review of the literature. EndocrPract 15(7):737–739

    Google Scholar 

  93. Malecki EA, Acosta R, Twaddell W, Heller T, Manning MA, Darwin P (2009) Endoscopic diagnosis of a biliary neuroendocrine tumor. Gastrointest Endoscopy 70(6):1275–1276

    Google Scholar 

  94. Noronha YS, Raza AS (2010) Well-differentiated neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors of the extrahepatic biliary ducts. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134(7):1075–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Tsalis K, Vrakas G, Geroukis T, Cheva A, Roidos GN, Lazarides C (2010) Primary neuroendocrine tumor of the extrahepatic biliary tree mimicking Klatskin tumor. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 19(3):341–2

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Lee JH, Lee KG, Oh YH, Paik SS, Park HK, Lee KS (2011) Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic biliary tract: report of four cases. Surg Today 41(3):430–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Kim J, Lee WJ, Lee SH, Lee KB, Ryu JK, Kim YT, Kim SW, Yoon YB, Hwang JH, Han HS, Woo SM, Park SJ (2011) Clinical features of 20 patients with curatively resected biliary neuroendocrine tumours. Dig Liver Dis 43(12):965–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Squillaci S, Marchione R, Piccolomini M, Colombo F, Bucci F, Bruno M, Bisceglia M (2010) Well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (malignant carcinoid) of the extrahepatic biliary tract: report of two cases and literature review. APMIS 118(8):543–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Zhan J, Bao G, Hu X, Gao W, Ruo X, Gong J, Zhu Q, Liu Y (2010) Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct in children: a case report. J Pediatr Surg 45(10):2061–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Song LY, Hu XL, Zhao LS, Ning PR (2011) Carcinoid tumor of common bile duct: report of a case in pediatric patient. HonghuaBingLiXueZaZhi 40(1):54–5

    Google Scholar 

  101. Athanasopoulos PG, Arkadopoulos N, Stafyla V, Tympa A, Kairi E, Ryzman-Louloudis C, Smyrniotis V (2011) A rare combination of an endocrine tumour of the common bile duct and a follicular lymphoma of the ampulla of Vater: a case report and review of the literature. World J SurgOncol 14(9):4

    Google Scholar 

  102. Cappell MS, Killeen TC, Jury R (2011) Common bile duct carcinoid mimicking the clinical, EUS, and ERCP findings of cholangiocarcinoma: a rare but potentially curable cause of obstructive jaundice. ClinGastroenterolHepatol 9(11):112–3

    Google Scholar 

  103. Ioannidis O, Cheva A, Paraskevas G, Chatzopoulos S, Kotronis A, Papadimitriou N, Konstantara A, Makrantonakis A, Kakoutis E (2012) Neuroendocrine tumor of the cystic duct. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 75(3):357–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bhalla P, Powle V, Shah RC, Jagannath P (2012) Neuroendocrine tumor of common hepatic duct. Indian J Gastroenterol 31(3):144–146

  105. Rosai J (2011) The origin of neuroendocrine tumors and the neural crest saga. Mod Pathol 24:S53–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Fontaine J, Le Douarin NM (1977) Analysis of endoderm formation in the avian blastoderm by the use of quailchick chimaeras. The problem of the neurectodermal origin of the cells of the APUD series. J Embryol Exp Morphol 41:209–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M (2003) A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer 97:934–959

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Kloeppel G, Heintz PU (1996) CapellaC, Solera E. Pathology and nomenaclature of human gastrointestinal neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors and related lesions. W J Surg 20:132–141

    Google Scholar 

  109. Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT, Capella C, Klimstra DS (2010) Klo¨ppel G et al. Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrineneoplasms of the digestive system. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) WHO Classification ofTumors of the Digestive System, 4th edn. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, pp 13–14

    Google Scholar 

  110. Walter T, Brixi-Benmansour H, Lombard-Bohas C, Cadiot G (2012) New treatment strategies in advanced neuroendocrine tumours. Dig Liver Dis 44(2):95–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

All authors state that there are no conflicts of interest to be declared. No financial support was requested or received in the production of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 85 Karakasi, 54453, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Nickos Michalopoulos, Theodossis S. Papavramidis, Ioannis Pliakos, Spiros T. Papavramidis & Ioannis Kanellos

  2. Pathology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Georgia Karayannopoulou

Authors
  1. Nickos Michalopoulos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Theodossis S. Papavramidis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Georgia Karayannopoulou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ioannis Pliakos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Spiros T. Papavramidis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ioannis Kanellos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nickos Michalopoulos.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Michalopoulos, N., Papavramidis, T.S., Karayannopoulou, G. et al. Neuroendocrine Tumors of Extrahepatic Biliary Tract. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 20, 765–775 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-014-9808-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-014-9808-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation