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Between-Population Differences in Multi-stressor Tolerance During Embryo Development in the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus

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Abstract

The American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is found along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts in genetically isolated populations. Eggs are laid in shoreline beaches that expose developing embryos to combinations of environmental stressors. Whether populations of L. polyphemus differ in multi-stressor tolerance had never been tested. We assessed the multi-stressor tolerance of L. polyphemus embryos from a population in Delaware Bay (DE) and determined whether these differed from the multi-stressor tolerance of embryos from a more southerly Florida Gulf Coast (FGC) population. We monitored the field sediment temperatures and determined multi-stressor tolerance of DE embryos, then compared these to published data for FGC embryos. For multi-stressor tolerance, we assessed development success of embryos in 2-week exposures to 36 full-factorial combinations of temperature (20, 25, 30, 35 °C), salinity (5, 15, and 34 ppt), and ambient O2 (5, 13, and 21% O2), followed by 2 weeks in recovery conditions. Sediment temperatures in the DE site ranged from 9.5 to 46 °C, with extended periods exceeding 35 °C. Development success was similar between the DE and FGC populations in 14 of 26 multi-stressor combinations. The DE embryos were generally more successful in conditions that included high temperature or moderate hyposalinity, whereas the FGC embryos were generally more successful in conditions that included extreme hyposalinity. This suggests that although multi-stressor tolerances are generally similar between the two populations, specific differences exist that correlate more with differences in nest microenvironment than latitude.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Joshua Haakenson, Andrea Murillo, Alexia Lanza, and Michael Paonessa for field and laboratory assistance; the Delaware National Resource Environmental Council, Gary Kreamer, Dawn Webb, and Stewart Michels for field assistance; and three anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and insightful comments. This research was conducted under a scientific collecting permit from the State of Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (Permit No. 2012-025F). This study followed University of Florida Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee policies, which exempt invertebrates from research regulations.

Data Accessibility

The data sets supporting this article are publically available (Embryo Cross-Sectional Area.xlsx and Slaughter Beach Temperature Data.xlsx; accession information pending).

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  1. M. Christina Vasquez

    Present address: Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    M. Christina Vasquez & David Julian

  2. Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    H. Jane Brockmann & David Julian

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Communicated by Patricia Ramey-Balci

Electronic supplementary material

Online Resource 1

All 36 treatment combinations investigated in Limulus polyphemus embryos from Slaughter Beach, DE. (DOCX 13 kb)

Online Resource 2

Life tables for each of the 36 treatment conditions. Number failed is equivalent to the number of L. polyphemus embryos in each treatment that reached the threshold size of 5 mm2 (TS). Number censored is equivalent to the number of embryos that did not reach TS by the end of the study. Number at risk denotes the number of embryos remaining in each treatment with the possibility of reaching TS. These data were used to create all Kaplan-Meier survival curves. (DOCX 54 kb)

Online Resource 3

Post-hoc Sidak multiple comparisons p-values for the proportion of fertilized L. polyphemus embryos from Slaughter Beach, DE that reached the threshold size of 5 mm2 for all treatment combinations T = temperature, S = salinity, O = oxygen. (XLSX 23 kb)

Online Resource 4

Hazard ratios and 95% CI calculated using the Cox Proportional Hazards model comparing the proportion of fertilized L. polyphemus embryos from Slaughter Beach, DE that reached the threshold size of 5 mm2 for all treatment combinations. Each treatment in a vertical column is compared with each treatment in a horizontal row (the reference treatment). T = temperature, S = salinity, O = oxygen. (XLSX 21 kb)

ESM 5

L. polyphemus embryo cross-sectional area measurements. 25, 920 images were recorded at 2 d intervals throughout the experimental treatment (14 d exposure period and 14 d recovery period). Individuals were censored once they exceeded 5 mm2. (XLSX 1111 kb)

ESM 6

Sediment temperature measurements at Slaughter Beach, DE. Temperature was recorded at two tidal height zones (2 m apart, perpendicular to the shoreline): “high” (1.0-1.39 m above MLLW), and “extreme-high” (1.4-1.6 m above MLLW). At each site temperature loggers were placed at two sediment depths: 5 cm and 20 cm below the surface. Temperature data were collected at 60-min intervals from May 9 to June 27, 2012.(XLSX 110 kb)

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Vasquez, M.C., Brockmann, H.J. & Julian, D. Between-Population Differences in Multi-stressor Tolerance During Embryo Development in the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus . Estuaries and Coasts 40, 1487–1501 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0218-1

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