Abstract
Measurements of groundwater-dissolved inorganic nitrogen (nitrate + nitrite + ammonia) and phosphate concentrations were combined with recent, radium-based, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) fluxes and prior estimates of SGD determined from Darcy’s Law, a hydrologic model, and total recharge to yield corresponding SGD nutrient fluxes to Ninigret, Point Judith, Quonochontaug, and Winnapaug ponds, located in southern Rhode Island. Results range from 80 to279 mmol N m−2 year−1 and 4 to 15 mmol P m−2 year−1 for Ninigret, 48 to 265 mmol N m−2 year−1 and 4 to 23 mmol P m−2 year−1 for Point Judith, 31 to 62 mmol N m−2 year−1 and 1 to 2 mmol P m−2 y−1 for Quonochontaug, and 668 to 1,586 mmol N m−2 year−1 and 29 to 70 mmol P m−2 year−1 for Winnapaug ponds, respectively. On a daily basis, the SGD supply of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus is estimated to represent ∼1–6 % of the total amount of these nutrients in surface waters of Ninigret, Point Judith, and Quonochontaug ponds and up to 84 and 17 % for Winnapaug, respectively, which may reflect a greater SGD nutrient supply to this pond because of the proximity of fertilized golf courses. With regard to the total external input of these essential nutrients, SGD represents 29–45 % of dissolved inorganic nitrogen input to Ninigret, Point Judith, and Quonochontaug ponds and as much as 93 % for Winnapaug pond. For phosphorus, the contribution from SGD represents 59–85 % of the total external input for Ninigret, Point Judith, and Quonochontaug ponds and essentially all of the phosphorus input to Winnapaug pond. Estimated rates of primary productivity potentially supported by the average supply of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from SGD range from 10 g C m−2 year−1 for Ninigret, 13 g C m−2 year−1 for Point Judith, 4 g C m−2 year−1 for Quonochontaug, and as high as 84 g C m−2 y−1 for Winnapaug pond. The imputed SGD-derived rates of primary productivity represent 4–9 % of water column primary production for Ninigret, Point Judith, and Quonochontaug ponds, and 74 % for Winnapaug pond, a result that is reasonably comparable to several other coastal environments where estimates of SGD nutrient supply have been reported. The implication is that SGD represents an ecologically significant source of dissolved nutrients to the coastal salt ponds of southern Rhode Island and, by inference, other coastal systems.
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Acknowledgments
This paper is dedicated to our colleague and friend, the late Scott Nixon, who was a pioneer in the study of coastal nutrient dynamics and ecology. We thank Rob Pockalny for his logistical assistance and Katie Bentley for help with sample collection. Peter August generously conducted the ArcGIS analysis of building density. Linda Green of the University of Rhode Island provided chlorophyll data. Funding was provided by the Rhode Island Sea Grant Program and the Nature Conservancy Global Marine Initiative.
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Moran, S.B., Stachelhaus, S.L., Kelly, R.P. et al. Submarine Groundwater Discharge as a Source of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus to Coastal Ponds of Southern Rhode Island. Estuaries and Coasts 37, 104–118 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9663-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9663-7