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Estimates of New and Total Productivity in Central Long Island Sound from In Situ Measurements of Nitrate and Dissolved Oxygen

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Abstract

Biogeochemical cycles in estuaries are regulated by a diverse set of physical and biological variables that operate over a variety of time scales. Using in situ optical sensors, we conducted a high-frequency time-series study of several biogeochemical parameters at a mooring in central Long Island Sound from May to August 2010. During this period, we documented well-defined diel cycles in nitrate concentration that were correlated to dissolved oxygen, wind stress, tidal mixing, and irradiance. By filtering the data to separate the nitrate time series into various signal components, we estimated the amount of variation that could be ascribed to each process. Primary production and surface wind stress explained 59 and 19 %, respectively, of the variation in nitrate concentrations. Less frequent physical forcings, including large-magnitude wind events and spring tides, served to decouple the relationship between oxygen, nitrate, and sunlight on about one quarter of study days. Daytime nitrate minima and dissolved oxygen maxima occurred nearly simultaneously on the majority (>80 %) of days during the study period; both were strongly correlated with the daily peak in irradiance. Nighttime nitrate maxima reflected a pattern in which surface-layer stocks were depleted each afternoon and recharged the following night. Changes in nitrate concentrations were used to generate daily estimates of new primary production (182 ± 37 mg C m−2 day−1) and the f ratio (0.25), i.e., the ratio of production based on nitrate to total production. These estimates, the first of their kind in Long Island Sound, were compared to values of community respiration, primary productivity, and net ecosystem metabolism, which were derived from in situ measurements of oxygen concentration. Daily averages of the three metabolic parameters were 1,660 ± 431, 2,080 ± 419, and 429 ± 203 mg C m−2 day−1, respectively. While the system remained weakly autotrophic over the duration of the study period, we observed very large day-to-day differences in the f ratio and in the various metabolic parameters.

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Further Reading

  • Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (CTDEEP). unpublished data. Matt Lyman, Environmental Analyst, CTDEEP, 79 Elm Street, Hartford, Connecticut 06106–5127.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Mary Beth Decker, Elizabeth Hatton, David Butman, Charlie Munford, Lauren Brooks, Helmut Ernstberger, Jonas Karosas, Henry Wilson, Maura Bozeman, and Gabe Benoit for assistance with various aspects of research on Long Island Sound and sample analysis in New Haven. This work benefited from valuable discussions with Kung-Sik Chan, Michael Kemp, and members of the Van Mooy Lab at WHOI. Nicole Goebel and Roxanne Marino shared unpublished details of previous research. We are indebted to Ken Johnson for advice on calibration and operation of the SUNA and for some crucial MATLAB code. Lastly, we thank an anonymous reviewer for thoughtful criticism, which greatly improved our manuscript. The LISICOS network is supported by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration as part of the US Integrated Ocean Observing System. This work was supported by the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, the Sounds Conservancy of the Quebec-Labrador Foundation, and the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Carpenter-Sperry Fund.

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  1. School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA

    James R. Collins & Peter A. Raymond

  2. MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA

    James R. Collins

  3. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA

    W. Frank Bohlen & Mary M. Howard-Strobel

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Collins, J.R., Raymond, P.A., Bohlen, W.F. et al. Estimates of New and Total Productivity in Central Long Island Sound from In Situ Measurements of Nitrate and Dissolved Oxygen. Estuaries and Coasts 36, 74–97 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-012-9560-5

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