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Enrichment of Inorganic Martian Dust Simulant with Carbon Component can Provoke Neurotoxicity

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Abstract

Carbon is the most abundant dust-forming element in the interstellar medium. Tremendous amount of meteorites containing plentiful carbon and carbon-enriched dust particles have reached the Earth daily. National Institute of Health panel accumulates evidences that nano-sized air pollution components may have a significant impact on the central nervous system (CNS) in health and disease. During inhalation, nano-/microsized particles are efficiently deposited in nasal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar regions and can be transported to the CNS. Based on above facts, here we present the study, the aims of which were: 1) to upgrade inorganic Martian dust simulant derived from volcanic ash (JSC-1a/JSC, ORBITEC Orbital Technologies Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin) by the addition of carbon components, that is, nanodiamonds and carbon dots; 2) to analyse acute effects of upgraded simulant on key characteristics of synaptic neurotransmission; and 3) to compare above effects with those of inorganic dust and carbon components per se. Acute administration of carbon-containing Martian dust analogues resulted in a significant decrease in transporter-mediated uptake of L-[14C]glutamate (the major excitatory neurotransmitter) and [3H]GABA (the main inhibitory neurotransmitter) by isolated rat brain nerve terminals. The extracellular level of both neurotransmitters increased in the presence of carbon-containing Martian dust analogues. These effects were associated with action of carbon components of upgraded Martian dust simulant, but not with its inorganic constituent. This fact indicates that carbon component of native Martian dust can have deleterious effects on extracellular glutamate and GABA homeostasis in the CNS, and so glutamate- and GABA-ergic neurotransmission disballansing exitation and inhibition.

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Abbreviations

GABA:

γ-aminobutyric acid; [3H]GABA - (γ-[2,3-3H(N)]-aminobutyric acid)

MD:

Martian dust simulant

NDs:

Nanodiamonds

CDs:

Carbon dots synthesized from β-alanine

ND-MD:

Nanodiamond-containing Martian dust simulant

CD-MD:

Carbon dot-containing Martian dust simulant

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by State Space Agency of Ukraine; by a grant in the frame of the Program on Scientific Space Research of NAS of Ukraine 2012-2016; and by Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STCU) project #6055 “Neuromodulatory properties of Carbon dots”. We would like to thank Dr. Olga Leshchenko from the Bakul Institute for Superhard Materials NAS of Ukraine for providing nanodiamant preparations; our colleagues Prof. Alexander Demchenko and Maria Dekaliuk for carbon dots synthesis; Dr. Klaus Slenzka from Jacobs University in Bremen for providing MD simulant; and Dr. Richard Boyle, Ames Research Center, NASA for support of this research direction.

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  1. Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine

    Natalia Pozdnyakova, Artem Pastukhov, Marina Dudarenko, Arsenii Borysov, Natalia Krisanova, Anastasia Nazarova & Tatiana Borisova

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  1. Natalia Pozdnyakova
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  2. Artem Pastukhov
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  3. Marina Dudarenko
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  4. Arsenii Borysov
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  5. Natalia Krisanova
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  6. Anastasia Nazarova
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  7. Tatiana Borisova
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Correspondence to Tatiana Borisova.

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Authors’ Contributions

AP, MD, AB, AN isolated synaptosomes and performed L-[14C]glutamate release experiments; AP, AB and NK carried out L-[14C]glutamate uptake experiments; MD and NP carried out [3H]GABA uptake experiments. NP and TB participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. Paper was writing by TB. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by State Space Agency of Ukraine; by a grant in the frame of the Program on Scientific Space Research of NAS of Ukraine 2012-2016; and by Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STCU) project #6055 “Neuromodulatory properties of Carbon dots”.

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Pozdnyakova, N., Pastukhov, A., Dudarenko, M. et al. Enrichment of Inorganic Martian Dust Simulant with Carbon Component can Provoke Neurotoxicity. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 29, 133–144 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-016-9533-6

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