Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Validation of the Factorial Structure of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure for Use with Iranian Youth

  • Published:
Child Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Given the social challenges facing Iranian youth, the need to understand ways of amplifying resilience resource available to them is increasingly necessary. Such investigation necessitates a valid and reliable measure of resilience resources for use in the Iranian context. In this article, we examine the factorial structure of the 28-item version of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure” (CYRM-28) for Iranian youth and assess the resilience resources of males and females, as well as by age groups (12–18). The CYRM was administered to two groups of Iranian students (n 1 = 351 and n 2 = 352; aged 12–19 years; Mashhad, 2012–13) to conduct an exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis on the respective data sets. A MANOVA was conducted to explore group differences. Results of the exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis confirm a reduced 11-item version of this questionnaire, supporting the validity and reliability of a self-report Iranian version of the CYRM, with a three factor structure of resilience measuring Peer resources, Caregiver resources and Religious and cultural components of resilience.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amiri, P., Ardekani, E. M., Jalali-Farahani, S., Hosseinpanah, F., Varni, J. W., Ghofranipour, F., et al. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales in adolescents. Quality of Life Research, 19(10), 1501–1508.

  • Assadi, S. M., Nakhaei, M. R., Najafi, F., & Fazel, S. (2007). Mental health in three generations of Iranian students and doctors: a cross-sectional study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 57–60. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0130-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayati, A., Beigi, M., & Salehi, M. (2009). Depression prevalence and related factors in Iranian students. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 12(20), 1371–1375. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2009.1371.1375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentler, P. M. (2005). EQS 6Structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Ecology of human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elia, C. (2002). The relationship between depression, perceived social support, family conflict and acculturation among Iranian young adults. (Order No. 3030128, Alliant International University, Los Angeles). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses 138–138 p. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.dal.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/250781444?accountid=10406.

  • Emami, H., Ghazinour, M., Rezaeishiraz, H., & Richter, J. (2007). Mental health of adolescents in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 571–576. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.06.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, O. H., Martinussen, M., Aslaksen, M., & Flaten, M. A. (2006). Resilience as a moderator of pain and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 213–219. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.12.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. In J. E. Stevenson (Ed.), Recent research in developmental psychopathology: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry book supplement 4 (pp. 213–233). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inzlicht, M., Aronson, J., Good, C., & McKay, L. (2006). A particular resiliency to threatening environments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 323–336. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.05.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izadinia, N., Amiri, M., & Hamidi, S. (2010). A study of relationship between suicidal ideas, depression, anxiety, resiliency, daily stresses and mental health among Tehran university students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1615–1619. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jafari, P., Ghanizadeh, A., Akhondzadeh, S., & Mohammadi, M. R. (2011). Health-related quality of life of Iranian children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Quality of Life Research, 20(1), 31–36.

  • Janboozorgi, M. (2005). Prevalence of depression among students of Tehran. Pajohandeh, 6(48), 379–383. [In Persian]

  • Keyvanara, M., & Haghshenas, A. (2011). Sociocultural contexts of attempting suicide among Iranian youth: a qualitative study. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 17(6), 529–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebenberg, L., Ungar, M., & Vijer, F. (2012). Validation of the child and youth resilience measure-28 (CYRM-28) among Canadian youth. Research on Social Work Practice, 22(2), 219–226. doi:10.1177/1049731511428619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monirpour, N. (2005). Demographic characteristics associated with depression among students. Social welfare Quarterly, 4(14), 178–183. [In Persian]

  • Naeinian, M. R., Gohari, Z., Matlabi nejad, S., & Baloochan, M. (2011). Primary investigation of validity and reliability of personal well-being index school children version (PWI-Sc). Tehran: Paper presented at the Third congress of psychiatric.

  • Nik-Azin, A., Shairi, M. R., Naeinian, M. R., & Sadeghpour, A. (2013). The health-related quality of life index KIDSCREEN-10: confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity and reliability in a sample of Iranian students. Child Indicators Research, 7, 407–420. doi:10.1007/s12187-013-9216-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noorbala, A. A., Bagheri Yazdi, S. A., Yasamy, M. T., & Mohammad, K. (2004). Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 70–73. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.1.70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, J. W., & Fitzpatrick, D. C. (2012). Replication analysis in exploratory factor analysis: what it is and why it makes your analysis better. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 17(15), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pooley, J. A., & Cohen, L. (2010). Resilience: a definition in context. The Australian Community Psychologist, 22(1), 30–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resnik, M. D. (2000). Resilience and protective factors in the lives of adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27, 1–2. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00142-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (2000). Resilience reconsidered: Conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early intervention (2nd ed., pp. 651–681). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sajjadi, H., Kamal, S. H. M., Rafiey, H., Vameghi, M., Forouzan, A. S., & Rezaei, M. (2013). A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of depression among Iranian adolescents. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(3), 16–27. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v5n3p16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, J., Munford, R., Thimasarn-Anwar, T., & Liebenberg, L. (2015). Validation of the child and youth resilience measure (CYRM-28) on a sample of at-risk New Zealand youth. Research on Social Work Practice. doi:10.1177/1049731515614102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seccombe, K. (2002). “Beating the Odds” versus “Changing the Odds”: Poverty, Resilience, and Family Policy. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 384–394. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00384.x.

  • Skodoval, M., & Daniel, M. (2012). Resilience through participation and coping-enabling social environments: the case of HIV-effected children in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of AODS Research, 11(3), 153–164. doi:10.2989/16085906.2012.734975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320–333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, M., & Liebenberg, L. (2005). Resilience across cultures: The mixed methods approach of the international resilience project. In M. Ungar (Ed.), Handbook for working with children and youth pathways to resilience across cultures and contexts (pp. 211–226). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, M., & Liebenberg, L. (2011). Assessing resilience across cultures using mixed-methods: Construction of the child and youth resilience measure-28. Journal of Mixed-Methods Research, 5(2), 126–149. doi:10.1177/1558689811400607.

  • Ungar, M., Liebenberg, L., Armstrong, M., Dudding, P., & Van de Vijver, F. (2013). Patterns of psychosocial service use: individual and contextual risk factors, and resilience among adolescents using multiple services. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37, 150–159. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.05.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. (2000). Protective factors and individual resilience. In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early intervention (2nd ed., pp. 115–132). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari, Iran

    Behnaz Kazerooni Zand

  2. Faculty of Graduate Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Linda Liebenberg

  3. Psychology Department, Mashhad Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran

    Zohreh Sepehri Shamloo

Authors
  1. Behnaz Kazerooni Zand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Linda Liebenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zohreh Sepehri Shamloo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linda Liebenberg.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zand, B.K., Liebenberg, L. & Shamloo, Z.S. Validation of the Factorial Structure of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure for Use with Iranian Youth. Child Ind Res 10, 797–809 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9412-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9412-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation