Abstract
The concept of ‘negotiation’ is often used to describe and explain the interactive nature of vocational learning. Such learning is accomplished as workers engage in the joint activities that comprise their occupational practice. In doing so they interact with the material and cultural resources that enable their work to produce and develop the objects and skills of their labour. The concept of negotiation offers a valuable means of addressing the contested and interdependent qualities of these activities when seeking to understand them as co-participative learning practices. However, too often in work-learning literature, the concept of negotiation remains under theorised and over reliant on generic understandings that do not sufficiently account for what workers do and how this can be understood as negotiation. Drawing on ethnographic research undertaken with 12 workers from 4 different work places, this paper proposes that overcoming some of this lack of specificity can be achieved by viewing negotiation as comprising four forms of joint activity that workers are engaged in through the enactment of their work-learning. These forms are realised, discovered, concealed and protracted negotiations. The research focused on workers’ self description and explanation of the particular ways they went about their work and the purposes and outcomes accomplished through their personal practice. With this strong focus on the personal enactment and accounting of work practice, the findings indicate that negotiation can be used to conceptualise personal learning practices as social processes of engagement in joint activity when the four forms of negotiation are used to analyse and categorise workers’ personal practices.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beckett, D. (2013). Ontological distinctiveness and the emergence of purposes. In P. Gibbs (Ed.), Learning, work and practice: New understandings (pp. 69–84). Dordrecht: Springer.
Billett, S. (2006). Work, subjectivity and learning. In S. Billett, T. Fenwick, & M. Somerville (Eds.), Work, subjectivity and learning (pp. 1–20). Dordrecht: Springer.
Billett, S. (2008). Learning throughout working life: a relational interdependence between personal and social agency. British Journal of Educational Studies, 56(1), 39–58.
Billett, S., & Smith, R. (2006). Personal agency and epistemology at work. In S. Billett, T. Fenwick, & M. Somerville (Eds.), Work, subjectivity and learning (pp. 141–156). Dordrecht: Springer.
Billett, S., Fenwick, T., & Somerville, M. (Eds.). (2006). Work, subjectivity and learning. Dordrecht: Springer.
Dall’Alba, G., & Sandberg, J. (2010). Learning through and about practice: A lifeworld persective. In S. Billett (Ed.), Learning through practice: Models, traditions, orientations and approaches (pp. 104–119). Dordrecht: Springer.
Ellstrom, P. (2010). Practice-based innovation: a learning perspective. Journal of Workplace Learning, 22(1/2), 27–40.
Engestrom, Y. (2008). From teams to knots: Activity-theoretical studies of collaboration and learning at work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fuller, A., & Unwin, L. (2004). Expansive learning environments: Integrating organisational and personal development. In H. Rainbird, A. Fuller, & A. Munro (Eds.), Workplace learning in context (pp. 126–144). London: Routledge.
Gheradhi, S. (2009). Community of practice or practices of a community? In S. Armstrong & C. Fukami (Eds.), The sage handbook of management learning, education, and development (pp. 514–530). London: Sage.
Greenhalgh, L. (2001). Managing strategic relationships. New York: Free Press.
Hager, P. (2012). Practice as a key understanding in work-based learning. In P. Gibbs (Ed.), Learning, work and practice: New understandings (pp. 85–103). Dordrecht: Springer.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time. (J. Macquarie & E. Robinson, Trans.) New York: SCM Press. (original work published 1927).
Holland, D., Skinner, D., Lachicotte, W., & Cain, C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Illeris, K. (2011). The fundamentals of workplace learning: Understanding how people learn and work in life. New York: Routledge.
Kamp, A., Lund, H., & Hvid, H. (2011). Negotiating time, meaning and identity in boundaryless work. Journal of Workplace Learning, 23(4), 229–242.
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewicki, R. J., Saunders, D. M., & Barry, B. (2006). Negotiation (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Raiffa, H. (1990). The art and science of negotiation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sandlin, J., & Cervero, R. (2003). Contradictions and compromise: the curriculum-in-use as negotiated ideology in two welfare-to-work classes. International Journal of Lifelong Learning, 22(3), 249–265.
Saner, R. (2005). The expert negotiator (2nd ed.). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Smith, R. (2012). Clarifying the subject centred approach to vocational learning theory: negotiated participation. Studies in Continuing Education, 34(2), 159–174.
Strauss, A. (1978). Negotiations: Varieties, contexts, processes and social order. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Vygotsky, L. S., et al. (1978). In M. Mole (Ed.), Mind in Society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wertsch, J. V. (1995). The need for action in sociocultural research. In J. V. Wertsch, P. del Rio, & A. Alvarez (Eds.), Sociocultural studies of mind (pp. 56–74). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wertsch, J. V., del Rio, P., & Alvarez, A. (Eds). (1995). Sociocultural studies: History, action and mediation. In Sociocultural studies of mind (pp. 1–35). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, R. Conceptualising the Socio-Personal Practice of Learning in Work as Negotiation. Vocations and Learning 7, 127–143 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-013-9109-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-013-9109-1