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Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Capillary High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Six Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Fruit Juices

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Abstract

In this study a simple, rapid, and efficient method has been developed for the determination of six sulfonylurea herbicides (SUHs): triasulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, flazasulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, and primisulfuron-methyl in commercial grape and apple juice samples, using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with capillary high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Various parameters that influence the extraction efficiency, such as the type and volume of extraction and disperser solvents, sample pH, and salt addition, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, limits of detection and quantification of the method were in the ranges of 2–9 and 8–29 μg L−1, respectively, lower than the maximum residue limits set by the European Union for the raw fruits, such as grape and apple. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations varied from 1.0 to 8.2 and 1.8 to 9.8 %, respectively, with recoveries between 72.0 and 109.5 % for commercial grape (both white and red) and apple juice samples, showing satisfactory accuracy for the determination of SUHs in fruit juices.

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Acknowledgments

The Department of Chemistry of Jimma University (Jimma, Ethiopia) is greatly acknowledged for sponsoring the PhD study of A. Gure. The Department of Chemistry at Addis Ababa University and the research group “Quality in Food, Environmental and Clinical Analytical chemistry, FQM-302” at the Department of Analytical Chemistry at Granada University (Granada, Spain) are also appreciated for making all the necessary materials and resources available for this work.

Conflict of Interest

Abera Gure declares that he has no conflict of interest. Francisco J. Lara declares that he has no conflict of interest. Negussie Megersa declares that he has no conflict of interest. Monsalud del Olmo-Iruela declares that she has no conflict of interest. Ana M. García-Campaña declares that she has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain

    Abera Gure, Francisco J. Lara, Monsalud del Olmo-Iruela & Ana M. García-Campaña

  2. Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Abera Gure & Negussie Megersa

Authors
  1. Abera Gure
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  2. Francisco J. Lara
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  3. Negussie Megersa
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  4. Monsalud del Olmo-Iruela
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  5. Ana M. García-Campaña
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Correspondence to Ana M. García-Campaña.

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Gure, A., Lara, F.J., Megersa, N. et al. Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Capillary High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Six Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Fruit Juices. Food Anal. Methods 7, 1465–1473 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-013-9775-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-013-9775-5

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