Abstract
A simple, fast and accurate method has been developed to simultaneously determine 18 bioactive compounds in Italian bitter liqueurs containing gentian, cinchona, cinnamon, rhubarb, clove, star anise or orange, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with diode array detection (DAD). HPLC analysis was performed with a C18 column using methanol and aqueous phosphoric acid (pH 2.5) as mobile phase. Selected wavelengths, i.e. 210, 232, 275, 285, 291, 310 and 368 nm, were used for quantification of compounds. The column temperature was controlled at 30 °C. The correlation coefficients (R 2) of the calibration curves of the analysed compounds were ≥0.9999 in a relatively wide concentration range (0.5–50 μg/ml). The proposed method proved successful in simultaneously analysing 18 bitter liqueurs produced in Italy. The concentration of the most important bitter principles, gentiopicroside, amarogentin, quinine and naringin, ranged as follows: 1.17–299.20, 0.25–32.24, 1.44–6.93 and 0.28–39.99 μg/ml, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ando H, Hirai Y, Fujii M et al (2007) J Nat Med 61:269
Anita A, Stefan S, Hermann S, Markus G (2007) J Pharm Biomed Anal 45:437
Carnat A, Fraisse D, Carnat AP, Felgines C, Chaud D, Lamaison JL (2005) J Science Food and Agric 85:598
Ding Y, Wu EQ, Liang C et al (2011) Food Chem 127:755
Diplock AT (1994) Mol Aspects Med 15:293
Dongxiu H, Yang S, Yuehui W, Guozhu L, Bo C, Shouzhuo Y (2011) Food Chem 127:880
Gattuso G, Barreca D, Garguilli C, Leuzzi U, Coristi C (2007) Molecules 12:1641
Gronbaek M, Deis A, Sorensen TIA, Becker U, Schnohr P, Jensen G (1995) Brit Med J 310:1165
Jakopic J, Colaric M, Veberic R, Hudina M, Solar A, Stampar F (2007) Food Chem 104:100
Kamran G, Yosef G, Mohammad AE (2009) Pak J Pharm Sci 22:277
Kashiwada Y, Nonaka G, Nishioka I (1989) Chem Pharm Bull 37:999
Kusar A, Sircelj H, Baricevic D (2010) Isr J Plant Sci 58:291
Li F, Sun S, Wang J, Wang D (1998) Biomed Chromatogr 12:78
Manthey JA, Grohmann K (2001) J Agric Food Chem 49:3268
Manthey JA, Guthrie N, Grohmann K (2001) Curr Med Chem 8:135
McCalley DV (2002) J Chromatogr, A 967:1
Nonaka G, Nishioka I (1983) Chem Pharm Bull 31:1652
Nonaka G, Nishioka I, Nagasawa T et al (1981) Chem Pharm Bull 29:2862
Ohira H, Torii N, Aida TM, Watanabe M, Smith RL Jr (2009) Sep Purif Technol 69:102
Rødtjer A, Skibsted LH, Andersen ML (2006) Eur Food Res Technol 223:663
Rui S, Ying C, Yuan T, Zun-Jian Z (2012) Chin J Nat Med 10:0275
Wang YC, Chuang YC, Hsu HW (2008) Food Chem 106:277
Wang GW, Hub WT, Huanga BK, Qina LP (2011) J Ethnopharmacol 136:10
Wanga J, Qin Y, Kong W et al (2011) Food Chem 129:1737
Wende L, Trust B (2011) Food Chem 127:968
Yan D, En QW, Chun L et al (2011) Food Chem 127:755
Yun SM, Lee MH, Lee KJ, Ku HO, Son SW, Joo YS (2010) J AOAC Int 93:1806
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Varnelli S.p.A. company for purchasing the bitter liqueurs Amaro Sibilla and Amaro Tonico. We would like to thank Sheila Beatty for editing the English usage of the text.
Conflict of Interest
Ahmed M. Mustafa declares that he has no conflict of interest. Filippo Maggi declares that he has no conflict of interest. Gianni Sagratini declares that he has no conflict of interest. Massimo Ricciutelli declares that he has no conflict of interest. Sauro Vittori declares that he has no conflict of interest. Giovanni Caprioli declares that he has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mustafa, A.M., Ricciutelli, M., Maggi, F. et al. Simultaneous Determination of 18 Bioactive Compounds in Italian Bitter Liqueurs by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detection. Food Anal. Methods 7, 697–705 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-013-9727-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-013-9727-0