Abstract
Mixed industrial palm oil (MIPO) is proposed in this study as a renewable and agro-industrial raw material to produce biodiesel fuel. MIPO was obtained by mixing of acidic crude palm oil with sludge palm oil. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in MIPO (8.5 %), esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before biodiesel production. This is the first time 1-propanesulphonic acid (1-PSA) has been introduced as a catalyst for the pretreatment of MIPO. Using optimum conditions, the FFA content was successfully reduced from 8.5 % to less than 1 %. The biodiesel produced meets the international standards (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214). 1-PSA is therefore a promising catalyst that can be used to treat various types of acidic oils.
References
Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA, Sahu JN (2011) Optimization and characterization studies on bio-oil production from palm shell by pyrolysis using response surface methodology. Biomass Bioenergy 35:3604–3616
Abnisa F, Arami-Niya A, Wan Daud WMA, Sahu JN (2013) Characterization of bio-oil and bio-char from pyrolysis of palm oil wastes. Bioenergy Res 6:830–840
Abou-Shanab RAI, Hwang JH, Cho Y, Min B, Jeon BH (2011) Characterization of microalgal species isolated from fresh water bodies as a potential source for biodiesel production. Appl Energy 88:3300–3306
Schenk PM, Thomas-Hall SR, Stephens E, Marx UC, Mussgnug JH, Posten C, Kruse O, Hankamer B (2008) Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioenergy Res 1:20–43
Hayyan A, Alam Md Z, Mirghani MES, Kabbashi NA, Hakimi NINM, Siran YM, Tahiruddin S (2011) Reduction of high content of free fatty acid in sludge palm oil via acid catalyst for biodiesel production. Fuel Process Technol 92:920–924
Hayyan A, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM, Al-Zahrani SM, Al-Saadi MA (2011) Ethanesulfonic acid-based esterification of industrial acidic crude palm oil for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 102:9564–9570
Hayyan A, Alam MZ, Mirghani MES, Kabbashi NA, Hakimi NINM, Siran YM, Tahiruddin S (2010) Sludge palm oil as a renewable raw material for biodiesel production by two-step processes. Bioresour Technol 101:7804–7811
Hayyan A, Hashim MA, Mirghani MES, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM (2014) Treatment of industrial low grade palm oil via esterification reaction using sonoreactor. J Ind Eng Chem 20:2066–2070
Di Serio M, Tesser R, Pengmei L, Santacesaria E (2008) Heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Energy Fuel 22:207–217
Hayyan A, Hashim MA, Mirghani MES, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM (2013) Esterification of sludge palm oil using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid for preparation of biodiesel fuel. Korean J Chem Eng 30:1229–1234
Hayyan A, Mjalli FS, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM, Mirghani MES (2012) Utilizing ultrasonic energy for reduction of free fatty acids in crude palm oil. Afr J Biotechnol 11:12510–12517
Hayyan A, Hashim MA, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM (2012) Application of ultrasonic energy in the production of biodiesel from acidic crude palm oil using new homogenous catalyst. Energy Sources Part A Recover Util Environ Eff. doi:10.1080/15567036.2012.721057
Hayyan A, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM (2013) Conversion of free fatty acid in grade crude palm oil to fatty acid methyl ester using chromosulfuric acid for biodiesel production. Bulg Chem Commun 45:394–399
Hayyan A, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM, Al-Zahrani SM (2010) Palm oil acidity treatment for fatty acid methyl ester production. Chem Pap 66:39–46
Hayyan A, Hashim MA, Hayyan M (2014) Agro-industrial acidic oil as a renewable feedstock for biodiesel production using (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-culfonic acid. Chem Eng Sci 116:223–227
Elsheikh YA, Man Z, Bustam MA, Yusup S, Wilfred CD (2011) Brønsted imidazolium ionic liquids: Synthesis and comparison of their catalytic activities as pre-catalyst for biodiesel production through two stage process. Energy Convers Manag 52:804–809
Hayyan A, Hashim MA, Mjalli FS, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM (2013) A novel phosphonium-based deep eutectic catalyst for biodiesel production from low grade crude palm oil. Chem Eng Sci 92:81–88
Hayyan A, Hashim MA, Hayyan M, Mjalli FS, AlNashef IM (2013) A novel ammonium based eutectic solvent for the treatment of free fatty acid and synthesis of biodiesel fuel. Ind Crop Prod 46:392–398
Hayyan A, Hashim MA, Hayyan M, Mjalli FS, AlNashef IM (2014) A new processing route for cleaner production of biodiesel fuel using a choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent. J Clean Prod 65:246–251
Kuntom A, Lin SW, Ai TY, Idris NA, Yusof M, Sue TT, Ibrahim NA (2005) Malaysian palm oil board (MPOB) test methods. MPOB, Bangi
Tan CH, Ghazali HM, Kuntom A, Tan CP, Ariffin AA (2009) Extraction and physicochemical properties of low free fatty acid crude palm oil. Food Chem 113:645–650
Hayyan A, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, Hayyan M, AlNashef IM, Al-Wahaibi T, Al-Wahaibi YM (2014) A solid organic acid catalyst for the pre-treatment of low-grade crude palm oil and biodiesel production. Int J Green Energy 11:129–140
Acknowledgments
The financial support of the University of Malaya Grant No. HIR-MOHE (D000003-16001) and the assistance of Miss Khor Gui Qing with some of the experiments are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hayyan, A., Hashim, M.A. & Hayyan, M. Application of a Novel Catalyst in the Esterification of Mixed Industrial Palm Oil for Biodiesel Production. Bioenerg. Res. 8, 459–463 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-014-9502-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-014-9502-0