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Does Sex Matter? The Moderating Role of Sex on the Relationship Between Stress Biomarkers and Cognition

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Abstract

We examined the moderating role of sex on the relationship between salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA) and a diverse battery of cognitive outcomes including measures of working memory capacity, executive functioning, and prospective memory in addition to a more traditional memory measure (episodic memory). The final sample for the analyses included 144 participants (34 men and 110 women). Multiple regressions were performed to test the moderating role of sex on the stress biomarker-cognition relationship. For backward counting performance, higher cortisol levels were related to worse performance in men, but not women. Higher cortisol levels were also related to lower word recall, but only in men. Finally, men, but not women, had higher switching costs in the Trail Making task as levels of sAA rose. The results provide evidence that sex moderates the stress biomarker-cognition relationship in a variety of cognitive outcomes. Although not part of the primary analysis, sAA and cortisol interacted such that increased sAA levels were only negatively related to backward counting performance when cortisol levels were low. The findings are discussed primarily in terms of biological sex differences in the stress response.

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Notes

  1. We ran the all of the regression analyses controlling for self-reported health and the results were the same. The more parsimonious findings (excluding health as a covariate) are reported.

  2. While immediate and delayed recall may produce different results, we chose to combine these measures due to the high correlation between these episodic memory outcomes (see Zelinski et al. 1993 for a similar result in a sex difference study). Even so, we ran the regression analyses separately for immediate and delayed recall performance and the results were the same as the averaged findings. Therefore, the more parsimonious findings (using the average) are presented.

  3. Due to the added complexity of this task, we scored the number of correct digits versus the more traditional number of correct sequences to avoid restricting the range of scores. We examined the effect using the more traditional scoring and the results were the same.

  4. We did not include age in the primary analyses, but rather controlled for it in the regression analyses. Thus, any fundamental age differences between men and women should be controlled for in the statistical analyses. The goal was not to examine age differences in this paper, but rather sex differences that are independent of age. We are currently preparing a manuscript about age differences in the cortisol/sAA-cognition relationship. In addition, the lower number of men in the study made it difficult to analyze sex by age by stress biomarker interactions.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Washington University Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences Clinical Research Training Center Postdoctoral Program (UL1 TR000448 to C.B.R.) and two internal grants from Southern Illinois University of Edwardsville: 1) Graduate School Seed Grant for Transitional and Exploratory Projects (C.B.R.); and 2) Graduate School New Directions Grant (J.T.M & C.B.R). We would like to thank Vicki Rose and Cheryl Brunsman for their assistance in recruiting the middle-aged and older adult samples. We also would like to thank all of the undergraduate students who assisted with the project.

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  1. Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026-1121, USA

    J. Thadeus Meeks, Christopher B. Rosnick, Jordan Blackhurst & Alexia Overton

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  1. J. Thadeus Meeks
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Meeks, J.T., Rosnick, C.B., Blackhurst, J. et al. Does Sex Matter? The Moderating Role of Sex on the Relationship Between Stress Biomarkers and Cognition. Curr Psychol 33, 199–218 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9206-9

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