Skip to main content
Log in

Polish Migrants in The Hague: Stories of Integration and Attachment

  • Published:
Journal of International Migration and Integration Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examines the stories of long-term migrants from Poland that have settled in The Hague. Using in-depth interviews to learn about their migration histories, their characteristics, and their choices, much is learned about these Poles that live, work, and have started their families in The Hague. The patterns that emerged are characterized by doubt and hard work. There was little thought of long-term planning and choices were made rather haphazardly. A second finding is that ties with the receiving country are strong and ties with Poland are felt as being just as strong. These Polish migrants in The Hague participate in Dutch society to a high extent, even though contacts with non-migrated Dutch are low. Their integration is not weakened by the strong attachment to Poland or by the lack of contact with non-migrated Dutch. The results suggest that the difference between transnational and settlement migration might be smaller than described by Engbersen et al. (Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39(6):959–981, 2013). This study sheds light on integration and participation processes within the context of the European Union.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Bulgarian and Romanian migrants were part of the study, the results were presented by nationality.

  2. Integratie met behoud van eigen cultuur, author’s translation.

  3. The Hague is administratively divided into eight districts. These districts are in turn divided into 44 boroughs. The 44 boroughs, are divided into 121 neighborhoods (www.denhaag.buurtmonitor.nl).

  4. In the Netherlands, different groups are included in population statistics. Authochtones are Dutch natives; allochthones are of migrant origin (being born abroad or one or two parents being born abroad). The group allochthones is then divided into western and non-western allochthones.

  5. A large greenhouse agriculture region is located just south of The Hague.

References

  • Adriaansen, J., Potter, E., & Vlasman, N. (2009). Blik op de Midden- en Oost Europese nieuwkomers in Segbroek. Den Haag: Stichting Boog.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baraya, E., & Starrenburg, J. (2010). Monitor Midden- en Oost-Europeanen in Den Haag, 2010. Den Haag: OIV/Gemeente Den Haag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgili, Ö. (2014). Migrants’ multi-sited social lives. Interactions between socialcultural integration and homeland engagement. Comparative Migration Studies, 2(3), 283–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boeije, H. (2005). Analyseren in kwalitatief onderzoek. Denken en doen. Den Haag: Boom Lemma Uitgevers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (1993/1998). The age of migration. International population movements in the modern world. London: MacMillan Press Ltd.

  • Cherry, E. (2015). I was a teenage vegan: motivation and maintenance of lifestyle movements. Sociological Inquiry, 85(1), 55–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coenen, H. (1987). Handelingsonderzoek als exemplarisch leren: Een bijdrage aan de fundering van de methodologie van handelingsonderzoek. Groningen: Konstapel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commissie Blok. (2004). Onderzoek integatiebeleid. (No. 28 689 nrs. 8-9).Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal.

  • Dagevos, J. (2011). Omvang en samenstelling van de Poolse bevolking. In J. Dagevos (Ed.), Poolse migranten. De positie van Polen die vanaf 2004 in Nederland zijn komen wonen (pp. 31–46). Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvell, F., & Vogel, D. (2006). Polish migrants: tensions between sociological typologies and state categories. In A. Triandafyllidou (Ed.), Contemporary Polish migration in Europe. Complex patterns of movement and settlement (pp. 267–289). Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duyvendak, J. W., & Rijkschroeff, R. (2004). De bronnen van het integratiebeleid. Sociologische Gids, 51(1), 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eade, J., Drinkwater, S., & Garapich, M. P. (2006). Class and ethnicity—Polish migrants in London. (Full Research Report ESRC End of Award Report No. RES-000-22-1294). Swindon: ESRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engbersen, G., Ilies, M., Leerkes, A., Snel, E., & van der Meij, R. (2011). Arbeidsmigratie in vieren. Bulgaren en Roemenen vergeleken met Polen. Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engbersen, G., Leerkes, A., Grabowska-Lusinska, I., Snel, E., & Burgers, J. (2013). On the differential attachments of migrants from Central and Eastern Europe: a typology of labour migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 959–981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Entzinger, H. (2001). Towards a model of incorporation: the case of the Netherlands. In K. Phalet & A. Orkény (Eds.), Ethnic minority and interethnic relations in context. A Dutch-Hungarian comparison (pp. 321–347). Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erel, U. (2007). Constructing meaningful lives: Biographical methods in research on migrant women. Sociological Research Online, 12(4)5.

  • Faist, T. (2010). The crucial meso-level. In M. Martiniello & J. Rath (Eds.), Selected studies in international migration and immigrant incorporation (pp. 59–90). Amsterdam: IMISCOE/Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Favell, A. (2010). Integration and nations: the nation-state and research on immigrants in Western Europe. In M. Martiniello & J. Rath (Eds.), Selected studies in international migration and immigrant incorporation (pp. 371–404). Amsterdam: IMISCOE/Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. (2001). Thick description. Toward an interpretative theory of culture. In R. M. Emerson (Ed.), Contemporary field research: perspectives and formulations (2nd ed., pp. 55–70). Prospect Heights: Waveland Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gijsberts, M., & Lubbers, M. (2013). Nieuw in Nederland. Het leven van recent gemigreerde Bulgaren en Polen. Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabowska-Lusinska, I. (2013). Anatomy of post-accession migration. How to measure ‘liquidity’ and other patterns of post-accession migration flows. In B. Glorius, I. Grabowska-Lusinska, & A. Kuvik (Eds.), Mobility in transition. Migration patterns after EU enlargement (pp. 41–64). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karczemski, M., & Boer, A. (2010). Post-accession migration: Polish migrants moving from Poland to The Hague. The role of networks in the migration process from Poland to The Hague and the influence of personal life goals in the lives of Polish migrants in The Hague (master thesis). Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempny, M. (2011). Interpretative repertoire of victimhood. Narrating experiences of discrimination and ethnic hatred among Polish migrants in Belfast. Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, 20(1), 132–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khonraad, S., & Veldhuysen, C. (2009). Eigentijds omgaan met woonwagenbewoners. Opmaat naar normalisatie. Den Haag: VROM-inspectie/Ministerie van VROM.

  • King, R., Iosifides, T., & Myrivili, L. (1998). A migrant’s story: from Albania to Athens. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24(1), 159–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler Riessman, C. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korf, D. J. (2009). Polen in Nederland. Utrecht: FORUM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korteweg, A. C. (2005). De moord op Theo van Gogh: gender, religie en de strijd over de integratie van migranten in Nederland. Migrantenstudies, 21(4), 205–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martiniello, M., & Rea, A. (2014). The concept of migratory careers: Elements for a new theoretical perspective of contemporary human mobility. Current Sociology, 62(7), 1079–1096.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1998). Worlds in motion. Understanding international migration at the end of the millenium. Oxford: Clarendon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostergaard-Nielsen, E. (2012). Transnational migration. In M. Martiniello & J. Rath (Eds.), An introduction to international migration studies. European perspectives (pp. 107–129). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pijpers, R. (2007). Between fear of masses and freedom of movement: migrant flexwork in the enlarged European Union. Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. (1996). Immigrant America. A portrait. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rath, J. (1999). The Netherlands: a Dutch treat for anti-social families and immigrant ethnic minorities. In G. Dale & M. Cole (Eds.), The European Union and migrant labour. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronquillo, C., Boschma, G., Wong, S. T., & Quiney, L. (2011). Beyond greener pastures: exploring contexts surrounding Filipino nurse migration in Canada through oral history. Nursing Inquiry, 18(3), 262–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scholten, P., Entzinger, H., Penninx, R., & Verbeek, S. (Eds.). (2015). Integration immigrants in Europe. Research-policy dialogues. Heidelberg: IMISCOE/Springer Open.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, D. (2010). Doing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, L. (2010). To the letter: Thomas and Znaniecki’s The Polish Peasant and writing a life, sociologically. Life Writing, 7(2), 139–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starrenburg, J. (2011). Gebruik voorzieningen door Midden- en Oost-Europese kinderen in Den Haag. Den Haag: Dienst Onderwijs, Cultuur en Welzijn. Productgroep Onderzoek en Integrale Vraagstukken.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starrenburg, J., & Baraya, E. (2011). Midden- en Oost-Europeanen in Den Haag. Een sociaal-economische verkenning van een betrekkelijk nieuwe migrantengroep. Epidemiologisch Bulletin, 46(1), 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szewczyk, A. (2015). ‘European Generation of Migration’: change and agency in the post-2004 Polish graduates’ migratory experience. Geoforum, 60, 153–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, W. I., & Znaniecki, F. (1996). In E. Zaretsky (Ed.), The Polish peasant in Europe and America. A classic work in immigration history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevena, P. (2013). Why do highly educated migrants go for low-skilled jobs? A case study of Polish graduates working in London. Mobility in transition. Migration patterns after EU enlargement (pp. 169–190). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Heijden, P. G. M., Cruyff, M., & van Gils, G. (2011). Aantallen geregistreerde en niet-geregistreerde burgers uit MOE-landen die in Nederland verblijven. Rapportage schattingen 2008 en 2009. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasta, E. (2005). From ethnic minorities to ethnic majority policy: changing identities and the new assimilationism policy in the Netherlands. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Verschuren, P. J. M. (2001). Holism versus reductionism in modern social science research. Quality & Quantity, 35, 389–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verschuren, P. J. M. (2003). Case study as a research strategy: some ambiguities and opportunities. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 6(2), 121–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2010). Conceiving and researching transnationalism. In M. Martiniello & J. Rath (Eds.), Selected studies in international migration and immigrant incorporation. Amsterdam: IMISCOE/Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weltevrede, A. M., Boom, J. D., Rezai, S., Zuijderwijk, L., & Engbersen, G. (2008). Arbeidsmigranten uit Midden- en Oost-Europa. Een profielschets van recente arbeidsmigranten uit de MOE-landen. Rotterdam: RISBO BV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wester, F. (1991). Strategieën voor kwalitatief onderzoek. Muiderberg: Dirk Coutinho.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willems, W., & Verbeek, H. (Eds.). (2012). Honderd jaar heimwee. De geschiedenis van Polen in Nederland. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Boom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zandstra, L., & Jehoram, S. C. (2007). Polen in Den Haag. Actieplan PvdA gemeenteraadsfractie Den Haag. Den Haag: PvdA Gemeenteraadsfractie Den Haag.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karijn G. Nijhoff.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nijhoff, K.G. Polish Migrants in The Hague: Stories of Integration and Attachment. Int. Migration & Integration 18, 623–640 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-016-0491-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-016-0491-z

Keywords

Navigation