Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Energy and CO2 exchanges and influencing factors in spring wheat ecosystem along the Heihe River, northwestern China

  • Published:
Journal of Earth System Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) is an important crop for food security in the desert-oasis farmland in the middle reaches of the Heihe River in northwestern China. We measured fluxes using eddy covariance and meteorological parameters to explore the energy fluxes and the relationship between CO2 flux and climate change in this region during the wheat growing seasons in 2013 and 2014. The energy balance closures were 70.5% and 72.7% in the 2013 and 2014 growing season, respectively. The wheat ecosystem had distinct seasonal and diurnal dynamics of CO2 fluxes with U-shaped curves. The accumulated net ecosystemic CO2 exchanges (NEE) were -111.6 and -142.2 g C/m2 in 2013 and 2014 growing season, respectively. The ecosystem generally acted as a CO2 sink during the growing season but became a CO2 source after the wheat harvest. A correlation analysis indicated that night-time CO2 fluxes were exponentially dependent on air temperature and soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm but were not correlated with soil-water content, water-vapour pressure, or vapour-pressure deficit. CO2 flux was not correlated with the meteorological parameters during daytime. However, irrigation and precipitation, may complicate the response of CO2 fluxes to other meteorological parameters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Admiral S W, Lafleur P M and Roulet N T 2006 Controls on latent heat flux and energy partitioning at a peat bog in eastern Canada; Agric. For. Meteorol. 140 308–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubinet M, Grelle A, Ibrom A, Rannik Ü, Moncrieff J, Foken T, Kowalski S, Martin P H, Berbigier P, Bernhfer C, Clement R, Elbers J, Granier A, Grünwald T, Morgensterm K, Pilegaard K, Rebmann C, Snijders W, Valentini R and Vesala T 2000 Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUFOFLUX methodology; Adv. Ecol. Res. 30 113–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broken W and Matzner E 2009 Reappraisal of drying and wetting effects on C and N mineralization and fluxes in soils; Global Change Biol. 15 808–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen H Q, Fan M S, Kuzyakov Y, Billen N and Karl S 2014 Comparison of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in cropland and grassland with an automated closed chamber system; Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 98 113–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng G D, Xiao D N and Wang G X 1999 On the characteristics and building of landscape ecology in arid area; Adv. Earth Sci. 14 11–15 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Denef K, Six J, Bossuyt H, Frey S D, Elliott E T, Merckx R and Paustian K 2001 Influence of dry-wet cycles on the interrelationship between aggregate, particulate organic matter, and microbial community dynamics; Soil Biol. Biochem. 33 1599–1611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falge E, Baldocchi D, Olson R, Anthoni P, Aubinet M, Bernhofer C, Burba G, Ceulemans R, Clement R, Dolman H, Granier A, Gross P, Gtünwald T, Hollinger D, Jensen N O, Katul G, Keronen P, Kowalski A, Lai C T, Law B E, Meyers T, Moncrieff J, Moors E, Munger J W, Pilegaard K, Rannil Ü, Rebmann C, Suyker A, Tenhunen J, Tu K, Verma S, Vesala T, Wilson K and Wofsy S 2001 Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange; Agric. For. Meteorol. 107 43–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foley J A, DeFries R, Asner G P, Barford C, Bonan G, Carpenter S R, Chapin F S, Coe M T, Daily G C, Gibbs H K, Helkowski J H, Holloway T, Howard E A, Kucharik C J, Monfreda C, Patz J A, Prentice I C, Ramankutty N and P K S. 2005 Global consequences of land use; Science 309 570–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grassi G, Ripullone F, Borghetti M, Raddi S and Magnani F 2009 Contribution of diffusional and non-diffusional limitations to midday depression of photosynthesis in Arbutus unedo L; Trees 23 1149–1161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanks R J and Ashcroft L G 1980 Applied Soil Physics: Soil Water and Temperature Application; Springer-Verlag, 159p.

  • Hunt J E, Kelliher F M, Mcseveny T M, Ross D J and Whitehead D 2004 Long-term carbon exchange in a sparse, seasonally dry tussock grassland; Global Change Biol. 10 1785–1800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report; Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland.

  • Ivans S, Hipps L, Leffler A J and Ivans C Y 2006 Response of water vapour and CO2 fluxes in semiarid lands to seasonal and intermittent precipitation; J. Hydrometeorol. 7 955–1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs A F G, Heusinkveld B G and Holtslag A A M 2007 Towards closing the surface energy budget of a mid-latitude Grassland; Bound.-Layer Meteor. 126 125–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Wang P, Xu X D and J H Z. 2014 Dynamics of carbon fluxes with responses to vegetation, meteorological and terrain factors in the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau; Environ. Earth Sci. 72 4551–4565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jing Y L, Wang A Z, Guan D X, Wu J B, Yuan F H and Jin C J 2014 Carbon dioxide fluxes over a temperate meadow in eastern Inner Mongolia, China; Environ. Earth. Sci. 72 4401–4411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • José S J, Montes R and Nikonova N 2007 Seasonal patterns of carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy fluxes in pineapple; Agric. For. Meteorol. 147 16–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan S and Hanjra M A 2009 Footprints of water and energy inputs in food production – global perspectives; Food Policy 34 130–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kieft T L, Soroker E and Firestone M K 1987 Microbial biomass response to a rapid increase in water potential when dry soil is wetted; Soil Biol. Biochem. 19 119– 126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilinc M, Beringer J, Hutley L B, Haverd V and Tapper N 2012 An analysis of the surface energy budget above the world’s tallest angiosperm forest; Agric. For. Meteorol. 166–167 23–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei H M and Yang D W 2010 Seasonal and inter annual variations in carbon dioxide exchange over a cropland in the North China Plain; Global Change Biol. 16 44–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leuning R, Cleugh H A, Zegelin S J and Hughes D 2005 Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: Measurements and comparison with DODIS remote sensing estimates; Agric. For. Meteorol. 129 151–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li D F and Shao M A 2014 Temporal stability of soil water storage in three landscapes in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, northwestern China; Environ. Earth Sci., doi: 10.1007/s12665-014-3604-z.

  • Li X G, Li F M, Rengel Z, Bhupinderpal S and Wang Z F 2006 Cultivation effects on temporal changes of organic carbon and aggregate stability in desert soils of Hexi Corridor region in China; Soil Till. Res. 91 22–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd J and Taylor J A 1994 On the temperature dependence of soil respiration; Funct. Ecol. 8 315–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahrt L 1998 Flux sampling errors for aircraft and towers; J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 15 416–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maljanen M, Martikainen P, Walden J and Silvola J 2001 CO2 exchange in an organic field growing barley or grass in eastern Finland; Global Change Biol. 7 679– 692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan J A, LeCain D R, Pendall E, Blumenthal D M, Kimball B A, Carrillo Y, Williams D G, Heisler-White J, Dijkstra F A and West M 2011 C 4 grasses prosper as carbon dioxide eliminates desiccation in warmed semi-arid grassland; Nature 476 202–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta T, Kotani A, Iijima Y, Maximov T C, Ito S, Hanamura M, Kononov A V and Maximov A P 2014 Effects of waterlogging on water and carbon dioxide fluxes and environmental variables in a Siberian larch forest, 1998–2011; Agric. For. Meteorol. 188 64–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliphant A J, Grimmond C S B, Zutter H N, Schmid H P, Su H B, Scott S L, Offerle B, Randolph J C and Ehman J 2004 Heat storage and energy balance fluxes for a temperate deciduous forest; Agric. For. Meteorol. 126 185–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orchard V A and Cook F J 1983 Relastionship between soil respiration and soil moisture; Soil Biol. Biochem. 15 447–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patil M N, Dharmaraj T, Waghmare R T, Prabha T V and Kulkarni J R 2014 Measurements of carbon dioxide and heat fluxes during monsoon-2011 season over rural site of India by eddy covariance technique; J. Earth Syst. Sci. 123 177–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pielke R A, Avissar R, Ranpach M, Dolman J, Zeng X B and Denning S 1998 Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem: Influence on weather and climate; Global Change Biol. 4 461–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Posse G, Richter K, Lewczuk N, Cristiano P, Gattinoni N, Rebella C and Achkar A 2014 Attribution of carbon dioxide fluxes to crop types in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape of Argentina; Environ. Model Assess. 19 361–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichstein M, Tenhuen J D, Roupsard O, Ourcival J, Ranbal S, Miglietta F, Peressotti A, Pecchian M, Tirone G and Valentini R 2002 Severe drought effects on ecosystem CO2 and H 2O fluxes at three Mediterranean evergreen sites: Revision of current hypotheses?; Global Change Biol. 8 999–1017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotenberg E and Yakir D 2010 Contribution of semi-arid forests to the climate system; Science 327 451–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schimel D S 2010 Drylands in the earth system; Science 327 418–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid H P, Grimmond C S B, Cropley F, Offerle B and Su H B 2000 Measurement of CO2 and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the mid-western United States; Agric. For. Meteorol. 103 357–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott R L, Serrano-Ortiz P, Domingo F, Hamerlynck E P and Kowalski A S 2012 Commonalities of carbon dioxide exchange in semiarid regions with monsoon and Mediterranean climates; J. Arid Environ. 84 71–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiertz H 2012 Avenues to meet food security. The role of agronomy on solving complexity in food production and resource use; Eur. J. Agron. 43 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoy P C, Mauder M, Foken T, Marcolla B, Boegh E, Ibrom A, Arain M A, Arneth A, Aurela M, Bernhofe C, Cescatti A, Dellwik E, Duce P, Gianelle D, Van Gorsel E, Kiely G, Knohl A, Margolis H, McCaughey H, Merbold L, Montagnani L, Papale D, Reichstein M, Saunders M, Serrano O P, Scottocornola M, Spano D, Vaccari F and Varlagin A 2013 A data-driven analysis of energy balance closure across FLUXNET research sites: The role of landscape scale heterogeneity; Agric. For. Meteorol. 171–172 137–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suyker A E, Verma S B, Burba G G, Arkebauer T J, Walters D T and Hubbard K G 2004 Growing season carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated and rainfed maize; Agric. For. Meteorol. 124 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang H S, Liu T H and Yu Y B 1986 Studies on ecological factors of the photosynthesis ‘NAP’ in wheat; Acta Eco. Sin. 6 128–132 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth K E, Fasullo J T and Kiehl J 2009 Earth’s global energy budget; Am. Meteorol. Soc. 3 311–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai J L, Tsuang B J, Lu P S, Yao M H and Shen Y 2007 Surface energy components and land characteristics of a rice paddy; J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 11 1870– 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi B, Satyanarayana A N V, Rajvashi R K and Mandal M 2014 Surface energy exchanges during pre-monsoon thunderstorm activity over a Tropical station Kharagpur; Pure Appl. Geophys. 171 1445–1459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vote C, Hall A and Charlton P 2015 Carbon dioxide, water and energy fluxes of irrigated brod-acre crops in an Australian semi-arid climate zone; Environ. Earth. Sci. 73 449–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagle P, Xiao X M and Suyker A E 2015 Estimation and analysis of gross primary production of soybean under various management practices and drought conditions ; J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 99 70–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang R Y and Zhang Q 2011 An assessment of storage terms in the surface energy balance of a subalpine meadow in northwest China; Adv. Atmos. Sci. 28 691–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Yu Q, Li J, Li L H, Li X G, Yu G R and Sun X M 2006 Simulation of diurnal variations of CO2, water and heat fluxes over winter wheat with a model coupled photosynthesis and transpiration; Agric. For. Meteorol. 137 194–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Liao Y C, Wen X X and Guo Q 2013a Dynamics of CO2 fluxes and environmental response in the rain-fed winter wheat ecosystem of the Loess Plateau, China; Sci. Total Environ. 461–462 10–18.

  • Wang W, Liao Y C and Guo Q 2013b Responses of ecosystem CO2 fluxes to rainfall events in rain-fed winter wheat agro-ecosystem; J. Food. Agric. Environ. 11 982– 986.

  • Wilson K B and Baldocchi D D 2000 Seasonal and interannual variability of energy fluxed over a broadleaved temperate deciduous forest in North America; Agric. For. Meteorol. 100 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson K, Goldstein A, Falge E, Aubinet M, Baldocchi E, Berbigier P, Bernhofer C, Ceulemans R, Dolman H, Field C, Grelle A, Ibrom A, Law B E, Kowalski A, Meyers T, Moncrieff J, Monson R, Oechel W, Tenhunen J, Valentini R and Verma S 2002 Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites; Agric. For. Meteorol. 113 223–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z W, Liu S M, Xu T R and Ding C 2013 The observation and calculation method of soil heat flux and its impact on the energy balance closure; Adv. Earth Sci. 28 875–889 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu Q, Wu W, Yang P Li Z, Xiong W and Tang H 2012 Proposing an interdisciplinary and cross-scale framework for global change and food security researches; Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 156 57–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan G F, Zhang P, Shao M A, Luo Y and Zhu X C 2014 Energy and water exchanges over a riparian Tamarix spp. stand in the lower Tarim River basin under a hyper-arid climate; Agric. For. Meteorol. 194 144–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P P and Shao M A 2013 Temporal stability of surface soil moisture in a desert area of northwestern China ; J. Hydrol. 505 91–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeri M, Sá L D A, Manzi A O, Araújo A C, Aguiar R G, Randow C, Sampaio G, Cardoso F L and Nobre C A 2014 Variability of carbon and water fluxes following climate extremes over a Tropical forest in southwestern Amazonia; PLOS ONE 9 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo J Q, Wang J M, Huang J P, Li W J, Wang G Y and Ren H L 2010 Estimation of ground heat flux of a semi-arid grassland and its impact on the surface energy budget; Plateau Meteorol. 29 840–848 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91025018). Thanks go to the staff of the Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China

    Shuchen Sun & Ming’an Shao

  2. Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China

    Ming’an Shao

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Shuchen Sun

  4. Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co. Ltd., Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710075, China

    Hongbei Gao

Authors
  1. Shuchen Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ming’an Shao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hongbei Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ming’an Shao.

Additional information

Corresponding editor: K Krishnamoorthy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sun, S., Shao, M. & Gao, H. Energy and CO2 exchanges and influencing factors in spring wheat ecosystem along the Heihe River, northwestern China. J Earth Syst Sci 125, 1667–1679 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0750-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0750-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation