Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is considered an incurable condition, having a heterogenous recovery and uncertain prognosis. Therefore, a reliable prediction of the improvement in the acute phase could benefit patients. Physicians are unanimous in insisting that at the initial damage of the spinal cord (SC), the patient should be carefully evaluated in order to help selecting an appropriate neuroprotective treatment. However, currently, neurologic impairment after SCI is measured and classified by functional examination. The identification of prognostic biomarkers of SCI would help to designate SC injured patients and correlate to diagnosis and correct treatment. Some proteins have already been identified as good potential biomarkers of central nervous system injury, both in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood serum. However, the problem for using them as biomarkers is the way they should be collected, as acquiring CSF through a lumbar puncture is significantly invasive. Remarkably, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as interesting biomarker candidates because of their stability in biological fluids and their tissue specificity. Several miRNAs have been identified to have their expressions altered in SCI in many animal models, making them promising candidates as biomarkers after SCI. Moreover, there are yet no effective therapies for SCI. It is already known that altered lysophospholipids (LPs) signaling are involved in the biology of disorders, such as inflammation. Reports have demonstrated that LPs when locally distributed can regulate SCI repair and key secondary injury processes such as apoptosis and inflammation, and so could become in the future new therapeutic approaches for treating SCI.
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Abbreviations
- ASIA:
-
American Spinal Injuries Association
- BSCB:
-
blood-spinal cord barrier
- BMPs:
-
bone morphogenetic proteins
- BDNF:
-
brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- S100β:
-
calcium-binding protein S100-beta
- CNS:
-
central nervous system
- CSF:
-
cerebrospinal fluid
- COX2:
-
cyclooxygenase 2
- FGF-β:
-
fibroblast growth factor beta 1
- GPCRs:
-
G protein–coupled receptors
- GDNF:
-
glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor
- GFAP:
-
glial fibrillary acidic protein
- IFNγ:
-
interferon gamma
- IGF (I and II):
-
insulin-like growth factor I and II
- IL (1β; 1α and 6):
-
interleukin-1β; 1α and 6
- IL-4R and IL-2Rα:
-
interleukin receptors
- ISNCSCI:
-
International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury
- JAK:
-
Janus-activated kinase
- LPA:
-
Lysophosphatidic acid
- LPs:
-
lysophospholipids
- MRI:
-
magnetic resonance imaging
- mTOR:
-
mechanistic target of rapamycin
- miRNA:
-
microRNA
- MAP-2:
-
microtubule-associated protein 2
- MOG:
-
myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- NFL and NFH:
-
neurofilament proteins (light and heavy)
- NF-κB:
-
factor kappa B
- PTEN:
-
phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PDGF:
-
platelet-derive growth factor
- S1P:
-
Sphingosine-1 phosphate
- SBDPs:
-
αII-spectrin breakdown products
- SC:
-
spinal cord
- SCI:
-
spinal cord injury
- STAT:
-
signal transducer and activation of transcription family
- SOCS-3:
-
suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
- TGF-β:
-
transforming growth factor-β
- TNF-α:
-
tumor necrosis factor-α
- VEGF:
-
vascular endothelial growth factor
- VGF:
-
inducible nerve growth factor
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Institute for Translational Neuroscience (INNT) of the Ministry of Science and Technology; Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES) of the Ministry of Education; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation (FAPERJ); Ary Frauzino Foundation for Cancer Research and Pró-Saúde Associação Beneficiente de Assistência Social e Hospitalar.
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Rodrigues, L.F., Moura-Neto, V. & e Spohr, T.C.L. Biomarkers in Spinal Cord Injury: from Prognosis to Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 55, 6436–6448 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0858-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0858-y