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Cashew Nut Allergy: Clinical Relevance and Allergen Characterisation

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Abstract

Cashew plant (Anacardium occidentale L.) is the most relevant species of the Anacardium genus. It presents high economic value since it is widely used in human nutrition and in several industrial applications. Cashew nut is a well-appreciated food (belongs to the tree nut group), being widely consumed as snacks and in processed foods by the majority of world’s population. However, cashew nut is also classified as a potent allergenic food known to be responsible for triggering severe and systemic immune reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis) in sensitised/allergic individuals that often demand epinephrine treatment and hospitalisation. So far, three groups of allergenic proteins have been identified and characterised in cashew nut: Ana o 1 and Ana o 2 (cupin superfamily) and Ana o 3 (prolamin superfamily), which are all classified as major allergens. The prevalence of cashew nut allergy seems to be rising in industrialised countries with the increasing consumption of this nut. There is still no cure for cashew nut allergy, as well as for other food allergies; thus, the allergic patients are advised to eliminate it from their diets. Accordingly, when carefully choosing processed foods that are commercially available, the allergic consumers have to rely on proper food labelling. In this sense, the control of labelling compliance is much needed, which has prompted the development of proficient analytical methods for allergen analysis. In the recent years, significant research advances in cashew nut allergy have been accomplished, which are highlighted and discussed in this review.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by FCT/MEC through national funds and co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020 with grant no. UID/QUI/50006/2013–POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265. Joana Costa is grateful to FCT post-doctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/102404/2014) financed by POPH-QREN (subsidised by FSE and MCTES).

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    1. REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal

      Cíntia Mendes, Joana Costa, Maria Beatriz P. P. Oliveira & Isabel Mafra

    2. CEB, Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

      António A. Vicente

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    1. Cíntia Mendes
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    Correspondence to Joana Costa or Isabel Mafra.

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    Cíntia Mendes and Joana Costa contributed equally to this work.

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    Mendes, C., Costa, J., Vicente, A.A. et al. Cashew Nut Allergy: Clinical Relevance and Allergen Characterisation. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 57, 1–22 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-016-8580-5

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