Abstarct
Previous studies on the endodontic broken stainless steel instruments have mainly focused on retrieval of specimens. However, the systemic consequences of the retained separated instruments need an investigation. The current study aimed to evaluate the correlation between broken stainless steel instruments inside the root canal space and the urinary level of iron (Fe) in patients. Sixty near-aged and same-gender patients were selected. Thirty patients in the control group had no endodontic treatment in their history, while the other 30 patients in the endodontic group had broken stainless steel instrument. The urine samples were collected in iron-free containers. All specimens were refrigerated for 1 day and then subjected to Fe level measurement by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and t tests at P < 0.05. The correlation coefficients of age and sex were also evaluated in relation with Fe levels in the urine. The level of Fe did not show any significant increase in the experimental group (P > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between age and Fe levels of endodontic and control groups. However, the joint effects of age and sex on Fe levels were different for the two groups. The presence of broken stainless steel instruments inside the root canal space did not elevate the level of Fe in the urine of patients. However, this value was positively correlated with the patient age.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gulabivala K, Patel B, Evans G, Ng YL (2005) Effects of mechanical and chemical procedures on root canal surfaces. Endod Top 10:103–122. doi:10.1111/j.1601-1546.2005.00133.x
Gambarini G (2001) cyclic fatigue of ProFile rotary instruments after prolonged clinical use. Int Endod J 34:386–389
Al-Fouzan K (2003) Incidence of rotary ProFile instrument fracture and the potential for bypassing in vivo. Int Endod J 36:864–867. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2003.00733.x
Saghiri MA, García‐Godoy F, Lotfi M, Mehrvazfar P, Aminsobhani M, Rezaie S, Asgar K (2012) The effect of some fluids on surface oxidation and amount of released iron of stainless steel endodontic files. Scanning 34(5):309–315. doi:10.1002/sca.21016
Crump M, Natkin E (1970) Relationship of broken root canal instruments to endodontic case prognosis: a clinical investigation. J Am Dent Assoc 80:1341–1347
Yared G (2004) In vitro study of the torsional properties of new and used ProFile nickel titanium rotary files. J Endod 30:410–412. doi:10.1097/00004770-200406000-00008
Parashos P, Messer HH (2006) Rotary NiTi instrument fracture and its consequences. J Endod 32:1031–1043. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2006.06.008
Saghiri MA, Sheibani N, Garcia-Godoy F, Asatourian A, Mehriar P, Scarbecz M (2013) Correlation between endodontic broken instrument and nickel level in urine. Biol Trace Elem Res 15:114–118. doi:10.1007/s12011-013-9755-z
Herting G, Wallinder IO, Leygraf C (2007) Metal release from various grades of stainless steel exposed to synthetic body fluids. Corros Sci 49:103–111. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2006.05.008
McPhee IB, Swanson CE (2007) Metal ion levels in patients with stainless steel spinal instrumentation. Spine 32:1963–1968. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2006.05.008
Hallab N, Merritt K, Jacobs JJ (2001) Metal sensitivity in patients with orthopaedic implants. J Bone Joint Surg Am 83A:428–436
Wapner KL (1991) Implications of metallic corrosion in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 271:12–20
Pazzaglia UE, Minola C, Ceciliani L, Riccardi C (1983) Metal determination in organic fluids of patients with stainless steel hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop Scand 54:574–579
Hennig FF, Raithel HJ, Schaller KH, Dohler JR (1992) Nickel-, chrom-and cobalt-concentrations in human tissue and body fluids of hip prosthesis patients. J Trace Elem Electrolyte Health Dis 6:239–243
Pazzaglia UE, Minoia C, Gualtieri G, Gualtieri I, Riccardi C, Ceciliani L (1986) Metal ions in body fluids after arthroplasty. Acta Orthop Scand 57:415–418
Gurzau ES, Neagu C, Gurzau AE (2003) Essential metals case study on iron. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56:190–200. doi:10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00062-9
Ludwig J, Batts KP, Moyer TP, Poterucha JJ (1994) Advances in liver biopsy diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc 69:677–678
Shah F, Kazi TG, Afridi H et al (2011) Evaluation of status of trace and toxic metals in biological samples (scalp hair, blood, and urine) of normal and anemic children of two age groups. Biol Trace Elem Res 141:131–149. doi:10.1007/s12011-010-8736-8
Kolachi NF, Kazi TG, Afridi H et al (2011) Distribution of copper, iron, and zinc in biological samples (scalp hair, serum, blood, and urine) of Pakistani viral hepatitis (A–E) patients and controls. Biol Trace Elem Res 143:116–130. doi:10.1007/s12011-010-8852-5
McClung JP (2012) Iron status and the female athlete. J Trace Elem Med Biol 26(2):124–126. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.03.006
Rushton DH, Barth JH (2010) What is the evidence for gender differences in ferritin and haemoglobin? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 73(1):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.03.010
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Dr. Hajar Afsar Lajvardi for referring patients. We are also thankful to Dr. Peiman Mehriar, Neda Bayati, and all the patients and their parents without whom this study would have not been possible. The authors express no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saghiri, M.A., Asatourian, A., Haraji, A. et al. The Influence of Endodontic Broken Stainless Steel Instruments on the Urinary Levels of Iron. Biol Trace Elem Res 158, 330–333 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-9959-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-9959-x