Introduction

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a clinically efficacious and cost-effective intervention, with high rates of success in terms of alleviating pain and improving function in patients with advanced arthritis of the knee [2, 11, 12, 21, 22, 25]. However, there has been a steady rise in the volume of revision TKA procedures in the United States in recent years. The increase in revision TKA procedures is related to a number of factors, including an increase in primary TKA procedure volumes, factors related to modifications in surgical technique, patient selection, implant longevity, and an expansion of the indications to include younger, more active patients [16, 23]. Furthermore, recent estimates suggest the number of revision TKA procedures is expected to increase substantially over the next several decades [14].

Most of the information published regarding the causes of failure and indications for revision TKA in the United States comes from single-surgeon or single-center case series, or multicenter cohort studies from large, academic institutions [5, 6, 10, 19, 26, 28]. Limited information currently exists regarding TKA failure among the larger population of patients who undergo TKA at smaller, community-based hospitals. Furthermore, due to the limitations and lack of specificity associated with administrative codes related to revision TKA that existed until very recently, previous investigators who attempted to characterize the epidemiology of revision TKA using large administrative databases were unable to provide insight into the specific causes of failure or types of revision TKA procedures performed [9, 15].

In 2005, a group of researchers from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons worked with officials from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) to request a series of changes to the ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes related to failed total joint arthroplasties (TJA) and revision TJA procedures [4]. The primary objective of the requested coding changes was to provide more accurate and clinically descriptive administrative codes regarding the cause of TJA failures that could be used for tracking clinical outcomes, and thereby facilitate feedback to surgeons, hospitals, and medical device companies. Recognizing the potential public health benefits of having better information regarding the cause of failure and type of revision TJA procedure performed, CMS and the NCHS implemented the requested changes in October 2005 (Table 1) [4]. As a result of these administrative coding changes, it is now possible for the first time to use large administrative claims databases to gather more detailed information on the cause of failure and type of revision TKA procedure performed in a nationally representative population.

Table 1 ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes related to revision TKA, introduced on October 1, 2005
Full size table

The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify the indications for revision TKA; (2) determine revision TKA procedure frequencies; (3) evaluate adoption and usage of the newly adopted ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes related to revision TKA; (4) assess age, gender, race, payor type and US Census Region of revision TKA patients; and (5) ascertain length of stay and total charge by type of revision TKA procedure.

Materials and Methods

We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) to identify revision TKA procedures performed in the United States between October 1, 2005 and December 31, 2006 using the 9th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9-CM) procedure codes 00.80 (all component revision), 00.81 (tibial component revision), 00.82 (femoral component revision), 00.83 (patellar component revision), 00.84 (isolated tibial insert exchange), 80.06 (arthrotomy/removal of prosthesis), and 81.55 (revision TKA, not otherwise specified). The NIS is a stratified, statistically valid survey of hospitals conducted by the Federal Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Hospitals within the sampling frame are stratified according to census regions, ownership (eg, public, private), location (rural, urban), teaching status, and bed size. Hospitals are randomly selected to achieve an approximate 20% sample of the universe of hospitals in each stratum. All discharge records from each of the selected hospitals are collected and form part of the NIS file for a given year. In 2006, the NIS had a sample size of approximately 8 million records from 1045 hospitals in 38 states, which represents approximately 20% of all discharges from hospitals in the United States, regardless of payment source. Because of the large size of the database, the NIS is particularly well-suited for epidemiological studies related to specific procedures or diseases in the national population. The total sample size included in the analysis was 60,355 revision TKA procedures with a mean patient age of 65.8 years. Men comprised 42.6% of the sample, and 83.3% of the patients were white.

The prevalence of revision TKA procedures was calculated using the NIS for population subgroups in the United States stratified by age, gender, race, diagnosis, census region, primary payor class, and hospital characteristics (size, location [9], and teaching status). Cause of failure, average length of hospital stay, and total charges were also computed for each type of revision TKA procedure.

Results

The most common causes of revision TKA (Table 2) were infection (25.2%), mechanical loosening (16.1%), and implant failure/breakage (9.7%). Infection was the most common indication for arthrotomy/removal of prosthesis (79.1%). Mechanical loosening was the most common reason for all component revision, tibial component revision, femoral component revision, and patellar component revision. Infection was the most common indication for isolated tibial insert revision. Overall, 76.5% of all TKA revisions were coded either using one of the newly implemented ICD-9 diagnosis codes (53.3%) or with the code for infection of an internal joint prosthesis (25.2%). In addition, 8.7% of all revisions were coded as “other mechanical complication of a prosthetic joint implant” (996.47), and 6.7% were coded as “other mechanical complication of other internal orthopaedic device, implant, or graft” (996.49).

Table 2 Diagnosis codes associated with revision TKA procedures
Full size table

Overall, 91% of all revision TKA procedures during the time period under study were coded using at least one of the newly implemented ICD-9 procedure codes (00.80 to 00.84) or the arthrotomy/removal of prosthesis procedure code (80.06) (Table 3). The most common type of revision TKA procedure reported during the time period under study was all component revision (35.2%), followed by arthrotomy/removal of prosthesis (15.2%) and tibial component revision (9.5%). All component revisions, patellar component revisions, and isolated tibial component revisions were most commonly reported in the 65- to 74-year-old age group (30.2%, 33.9%, and 29%, respectively), while femoral component revisions were more commonly reported in patients age 55 to 64 (28.8%). Revision TKA procedures were most commonly reported in urban nonteaching hospitals (48.8%), compared with 41.2% in urban teaching hospitals, and only 9.9% in rural hospitals.

Table 3 Revision TKA procedure frequencies by primary payor class
Full size table

Large hospitals accounted for the highest percentage of revision TKA procedures (61.3%), while only 13.7% of revision TKAs were reported in small hospitals. Medicare was the primary payor for 59.5% of revision TKA procedures, whereas private insurance patients and Medicaid patients accounted for 31% and only 3.5% of cases, respectively. Geographically, the highest percentage of revision TKA procedures were reported in the South (37.5%), and the lowest percentage of revision procedures were reported in the Northeast (16.3%) (Table 4). Average length of stay and total charges also differed by U.S. Census region. The shortest average length of stay (4.8 days) was reported in the Midwest and the West, compared with the longest average length of stay (5.8 days) in the Northeast. Average total charges for revision TKA procedures were highest in the West ($61,465), and were 1.4 times the average total charges for revision TKA procedures in the Midwest ($43,527).

Table 4 Revision TKA procedure demographics by U.S. census region
Full size table

The evaluation of resource utilization (Table 5) revealed the average hospital length of stay for all types of revision TKA procedures was 5.1 days; arthrotomy/removal of prosthesis procedures were associated with the longest length of stay (8.1 days) and patellar component revision were associated with the shortest length of stay (3.4 days). The average billed charges for all types of revision TKA procedures were $49,360. All component revisions had the highest average billed charges ($56,087), while patellar component revision procedures had the lowest average billed charges ($26,047).

Table 5 Revision TKA procedure average length of stay (LOS) and average total hospital charges
Full size table

Discussion

Despite the excellent functional outcomes and long-term implant survivorship that have been reported with primary TKA [2, 5, 28], TKA failure and revision TKA remain substantial clinical challenges for orthopaedic surgeons and their patients. Furthermore, despite continual changes in surgical technique and implant design, the revision TKA burden (eg, the percentage of revision TKA cases as a function of all TKA cases) in the United States has not decreased over time [3, 16, 17]. Understanding the causes of TKA failure and types of TKA procedures performed are essential to improving implant performance and long-term patient outcomes. We therefore: (1) identified the indications for revision TKA; (2) determined revision TKA procedure frequencies; (3) evaluated adoption and usage of the newly adopted ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes related to revision TKA; (4) assessed age, gender, race, payor type and US Census Region of revision TKA patients; and (5) ascertained length of stay and total charge by type of revision TKA procedure.

Our findings are limited by a relatively short time period of data collection, and uncertain compliance and accuracy of coding related to both the diagnosis/cause of failure and the type of revision procedure performed. However, the administrative codes used in this study are currently being used by governmental and nongovernmental public reporting agencies to compare failure rates and revision rates among surgeons and hospitals. Therefore, it is important for the surgeon community to be aware of strengths and limitations of this data, and the importance of detailed clinical documentation in order to improve the accuracy and clinical relevance of administrative codes related to TKA failure and revision TKA. Further study will be necessary to determine if our findings persist in larger data sets encompassing longer time periods.

Although our results represent only the early experience with the new ICD-9 diagnosis and procedure codes over a relatively short time period (15 months), the large number of procedures (over 60,000) included in our analysis provides unique and previously unavailable insight into the current causes of revision TKA procedures in a wide variety of care delivery settings throughout the entire United States. Since the existing literature contains limited information regarding the causes of TKA failure in large populations, it is difficult to compare our findings to those of previous investigators. Sharkey et al. [26] reported that polyethylene wear, aseptic loosening, and instability were the most common causes of revision TKA in a series of 203 consecutive revision TKAs performed over a 3-year period at a single institution. Other investigators [8, 18–20, 27] have implicated aseptic loosening, polyethylene wear, osteolysis, pain, stiffness, and instability as common causes of TKA failure. However, similar to the findings of Fehring et al. [6] and Vessely et al. [28], both of whom reported infection as a frequent mode of TKA failure, our data indicate that prosthetic joint infection is currently the most common indication for revision TKA in the United States. This is particularly concerning, especially given the substantial resources required to treat prosthetic joint infections, and the relatively poor patient outcomes that have been reported with both single- and two-stage revision TKA for infection compared with the results of revision TKA for aseptic causes of failure [1, 7, 13, 24, 29]. As the number of primary TKA procedures performed in the next two decades is expected to rise exponentially [14], increased resources should be devoted to research investigation and product development focused on prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of prosthetic joint infection.

The newly implemented ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes related to revision TKA provide valuable insight into the cause of failure and type of revision TKA procedure performed. Our analysis suggests that adoption of the new revision TKA-related ICD-9-CM procedure codes (by hospital administrative coding personnel) and diagnosis codes (by surgeons) is relatively high, but could be improved with additional education and training regarding the appropriate use of these new codes. Specifically, it appears that some of the codes may be ambiguous as currently defined, (eg, ICD-9 diagnosis code 996.43, “implant failure/breakage”), which may be creating some confusion among both clinicians and coding personnel. Also, inadequate clinical documentation may have accounted for the relatively large percentage of cases (15.4%) that were coded as “other mechanical complications.” Furthermore, it is possible that certain isolated tibial liner exchange procedures are being incorrectly coded by hospital coding personnel as tibial component revisions, which could be artificially inflating the prevalence of tibial component revision procedures in administrative databases. The value of these new administrative diagnosis and procedure codes in terms of understanding the cause of TKA failure and monitoring trends in failure rates and specific types of revision procedures will be dependent on a clear understanding of the description and the intended meaning of each code, detailed and unambiguous clinical documentation, and appropriate use of the new codes when submitting administrative claims related to revision TKA procedures. The validity of the administrative claims data is expected to improve as surgeons and administrative coding personnel become more familiar with their definitions and appropriate usage.

Although useful information related to TKA failures can be derived from clinical case series and cohort studies, our study illustrates the value of large administrative databases in evaluating the epidemiology of revision TKA in a large population. However, although the newly implemented ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes reviewed in this study would provide valuable data elements for a U.S. Joint Replacement Registry, they should not be considered an acceptable substitute for a true TJR registry, as they lack essential information regarding the specific implants used in a procedure, and other important clinical and demographic information. As experience is gained with the new ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes related to revision TKA, valuable insight will be gained into TKA failure mechanisms, which may help guide future research, implant design, and clinical decision making related to total knee arthroplasty.