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Estimation of long-term drag performance of fouling control coatings using an ocean-placed raft with multiple dynamic rotors

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Abstract

An experimental setup was designed and built to estimate changes in the skin friction of fouling control coatings (FCC) over an extended period of time in conditions simulating the vast majority of ship profiles (regarding speed and activity) in the present market. The setup consisted of two separate parts: one aged FCCs directly in seawater in a dynamic manner by simulating the exposure condition of a ship’s hull, and a second, laboratory part measured the torque (drag) of aged coatings in a rotary setup. From the spring to the autumn of 2013 and 2014, four commercial FCCs were exposed for 53 weeks in Roskilde Fjord, Denmark, which is characterized by relatively cold seawater and a salinity of approximately 1.2 wt%. The in situ immersion seawater conditions consisted of five-week cycles divided into 2 weeks of static immersion and 3 weeks of dynamic immersion, during which time the cylinders were rotated at a tangential velocity of 8.1 knots. The skin friction was found to generally increase more during the static period, compared to the dynamic ones. Over the course of the entire exposure period, the skin friction of the investigated FCCs decreased in the following order: fluorinated fouling release coating (FRC) (highest skin friction), hydrogel-based FRC without biocides, silylated acrylate self-polishing copolymer coating, and hydrogel-based FRC with biocides (lowest skin friction). However, the differences in skin friction between the latter three coatings were minor and often within the range of experimental uncertainty. The average surface roughness of the FCCs in the newly applied and mechanically cleaned condition, determined as the Rt(50) and R z parameters, was evaluated as poor predictors of skin friction.

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Abbreviations

A:

Surface area (m2)

C:

Mechanically cleaned

C f :

Skin friction coefficient

\( \bar{C}_{\text{f}} \) :

Average skin friction coefficient

D:

Dynamic

ΔC T :

Change in total resistance

ΔC f :

Difference in skin friction coefficient

FCC:

Fouling control coating

FRC:

Fouling release coating

F f :

Skin friction resistance (N)

h :

Height of cylinder (m)

k :

Von Karmen constant (0.41)

l g :

Gap distance between inner (rotating) cylinder and outer (static) cylinder (m)

l p :

Length of plate (m)

l :

Vertical distance from center line to peak (m)

L :

Length (m)

M B :

Torque from the bearings (Nm)

M C :

Torque on the side of the rotating cylinder (Nm)

M Cor :

Correction factor (Nm)

M E :

Torque from the top and bottom of the cylinder (Nm)

M S :

Torque from the shaft (Nm)

M T :

Torque measured by torque sensor (Nm)

n :

Number of measurements

N:

Newly applied

NSTM:

Naval Ships’ Technical Manual

p :

Vertical distance from center line to peak (m)

ρ :

Density (g/m3)

Pa:

Pascal (N/m2)

r :

Radius (m)

Re :

Reynolds number

Re g :

Reynolds number for laboratory rotor setup based on its gap distance between the (inner) rotating and outer (static) cylinder

Re r :

Reynolds number for a cylinder based on its radius

Re p :

Reynolds number for a flat plate based on its length

RPM:

Rounds per minute (min−1)

Rt(50):

Roughness parameter (µm)

R z :

Roughness parameter (µm)

S:

Static

SPC:

Self-polishing copolymer

TQC:

Total quality control

τ w :

Wall shear stress (Pa)

\( \bar{\tau }_{\text{w}} \) :

Average wall shear stress (Pa)

U :

Velocity (m/s)

ϑ :

Kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1)

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Acknowledgments

Financial support provided by The Hempel Foundation and the Technical University of Denmark is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Building 229, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    A. Lindholdt, K. Dam-Johansen & S. Kiil

  2. Hempel A/S, Lundtoftegårdsvej 91, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    D. M. Yebra & S. M. Olsen

Authors
  1. A. Lindholdt
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  2. K. Dam-Johansen
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  3. D. M. Yebra
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  4. S. M. Olsen
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  5. S. Kiil
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Correspondence to S. Kiil.

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Lindholdt, A., Dam-Johansen, K., Yebra, D.M. et al. Estimation of long-term drag performance of fouling control coatings using an ocean-placed raft with multiple dynamic rotors. J Coat Technol Res 12, 975–995 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-015-9713-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-015-9713-0

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