Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Non-Destructive Global and Localized 2D T1/T2 NMR Relaxometry to Resolve Microstructure in Apples Affected by Watercore

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Food and Bioprocess Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Apples can be considered as having a complex system formed by several structures at different organization levels: macroscale (>100 μm) and microscale (<100 μm). This work implements 2D T1/T2 global and localized relaxometry sequences on whole apples to be able to perform an intensive non-destructive and non-invasive microstructure study. The 2D T1/T2 cross-correlation spectroscopy allows the extraction of quantitative information about the water compartmentation in different subcellular organelles. A clear difference is found as sound apples show neat peaks for water in different subcellular compartments, such as vacuolar, cytoplasmatic and extracellular water, while in watercore-affected tissues such compartments appear merged. Localized relaxometry allows for the predefinition of slices in order to understand the microstructure of a particular region of the fruit, providing information that cannot be derived from global 2D T1/T2 relaxometry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adriaensen, H., Musse, M., Quellec, S., Vignaud, A., Cambert, M., & Mariette, F. (2013). MSE-MRI sequence optimisation for measurement of bi- and tri-exponential T2 relaxation in a phantom and fruit. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 31, 1677–1689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilera, J. M. (2012). The engineering inside our dishes. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 1, 31–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barreiro, P., Moya, A., Correa, E., Ruiz-Altisent, M., Fernandez-Valle, M. E., Peirs, A., Wright, K. M. & Hills, B. P. (2002). Prospects for the rapid detection of mealiness in apples by nondestructive NMR relaxometry. Applied Magnetic Resonance, 22, 387–400.

  • Bennedsen, B. S., & Peterson, D. L. (2005). An optical method for detecting watercore and mealiness in apples. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 48, 1819–1826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, J. H., & Watkins, C. B. (1997). Fruit maturity, carbohydrate and mineral content relationships with watercore in ‘Fuji’ apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 11, 31–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callaghan, P. T., Arns, C. H., Galvosas, P., Hunter, M. W., Qiao, Y., & Washburn, K. W. (2007). Recent Fourier and Laplace perspectives for multidimensional NMR in porous media. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 25, 441–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, B. K., Chayaprasert, W., & Stroshine, R. L. (2008). Effects of internal browning and watercore on low field (5.4 MHz) proton magnetic resonance measurements of T2 values of whole apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 47, 81–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, C. J., MacFall, J. S., & Bieleski, R. L. (1998). Loss of watercore from ‘Fuji’ apple observed by magnetic resonance imaging. Scientia Horticulturae, 73, 213–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dart, J. A. & Newman, S. M. (2005). Watercore of apples. Primefacts 49 (pp. 1–2), ISSN 1832–6668. Australia: NSW Department of Primary Industries.

  • Defraeye, T., Lehmann, V., Gross, D., Holat, C., Herremans, E., Verboven, P., Verlinden, B., & Nicolai, B. M. (2014). Application of MRI for tissue characterisation of ‘Braeburn’ apple. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 75, 96–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, F. A. N., Rodrigues, S., Law, C. L., & Mujumdar, A. S. (2011). Drying of exotic tropical fruits: a comprehensive review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 4(2), 163–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harker, F. R., & Watkins, C. B. (1999). Maturity and regional influences on watercore development and its postharvest disappearance in ‘Fuji’ apples. Journal American Society Horticultural Science, 124, 166–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Sánchez, N., Hills, B. P., Barreiro, P., & Marigheto, N. (2007). An NMR study on internal browning in pears. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 44, 260–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herremans, E., Verboven, P., Bongaers, E., Estrade, P., Verlinden, B. E., Wevers, M., et al. (2013a). Characterization of ‘Braeburn’ browning disorder by means of X-ray micro-CT. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 75, 114–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herremans, E., Verboven, P., Defraeye, T., Rogge, S., Ho, Q.T., Hertog, M. et al. (2013b). X-ray CT for quantitative food microstructure engineering: the apple case. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 324, 88–94.

  • Herremans, E., Melado-Herreros, A., Defraeye, T., Verlinden, B., Hertog, M., Verboven, P., et al. (2014). Comparison of X-ray CT and MRI of watercore disorder of different apple cultivars. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 87, 42–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hills, B. (1998). Microimaging and NMR microscopy, In: Publication, A.W.I. (Ed.), Magnetic resonance imaging in food science, John Wiley & Sons. New York.

  • Hills, B. (2010). 2D relaxometry. In: Gareth A. Morris, J.W.E. (Ed.), Multidimensional NMR methods for the solution state (pp. 533–542). New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  • Hills, B., & Remigereau, B. (1997). NMR studies of changes in subcellular water compartmentation in parenchyma apple tissue during drying and freezing. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 32, 51–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hills, B. P., Manning, C. E., Ridge, Y., & Brocklehurst, T. (1996). NMR water relaxation, water activity and bacterial survival in porous media. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 71, 185–194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasai, S., & Arakawa, O. (2010). Antioxidant levels in watercore tissue in ‘Fuji’ apples during storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 55, 103–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lammertyn, J., Dresselaers, T., Van Hecke, P., Jancsók, P., Wevers, M., & Nicolaï, B. (2003). Analysis of the time course of core breakdown in ‘Conference’ pears by means of MRI and X-ray CT. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 29, 19–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marigheto, N., Duarte, S., & Hills, B. (2005). NMR relaxation study of avocado quality. Applied Magnetic Resonance, 29, 687–701.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marigheto, N., Venturi, L., & Hills, B. (2008). Two-dimensional NMR relaxation studies of apple quality. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 48, 331–340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marlow, G. C. & Loescher, W. H. (1984). Watercore. Horticultural reviews, 6, 189–251.

  • Melado-Herreros, A., Muñoz-García, M. A., Blanco, A., Val, J., Fernández-Valle, M. E., & Barreiro, P. (2013a). Assessment of watercore development in apples with MRI: effect of fruit location in the canopy. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 86, 125–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melado-Herreros, A., Barreiro, P., Fernandez-Valle, M., Jimenez-Ariza, T., Correa, E., Campos, N. et al. (2013b). MRI and bidimensional relaxometry sequences for macro and microstructure assessment in food models. In: John van Duynhoven, P.S.B., G.A. Webb, Henk van As (Ed.), Magnetic resonance in food science: food for thought (pp 130–137). London: RSC Publishing.

  • Mendoza, F., Verboven, P., Ho, Q. T., Kerckhofs, G., Wevers, M., & Nicolaï, B. (2010). Multifractal properties of pore-size distribution in apple tissue using X-ray imaging. Journal of Food Engineering, 99, 206–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mujumdar, A. S., & Law, C. L. (2010). Drying technology: trends and applications in postharvest processing. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 3, 843–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musse, M., De Guio, F. O., Quellec, S. P., Cambert, M., Challois, S., & Davenel, A. (2010). Quantification of microporosity in fruit by MRI at various magnetic fields: comparison with X-ray microtomography. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 28, 1525–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oztop, M. H., Bansal, H., Takhar, P., McCarthy, K. L., & McCarthy, M. J. (2014a). Using multi-slice-multi-echo images with NMR relaxometry to assess water and fat distribution in coated chicken nuggets. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 55, 690–694.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oztop, M. H., McCarthy, K. L., McCarthy, M. J., & Rosenberg, M. (2014b). Monitoring the effects of divalent ions (Mn+2 and Ca+2) in heat-set whey protein gels. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 56, 93–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pei, F., Yang, W. J., Shi, Y., Sun, Y., Mariga, A.M., Zhao, L. Y., et al. (2013). Comparison of freeze-drying with three different combinations of drying methods and their influence on colour, texture, microstructure and nutrient retention of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) slices. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1–9. doi:10.1007/s11947-013-1058-z.

  • Prothon, F., Ahrné, L. M., Funebo, T., Kidman, S., Lagnton, M., & Sjöholm, I. (2001). Effects of combined osmotic and microwave dehydration of apple on texture, microstructure and rehydration characteristics. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 34(2), 95–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, Y. Q., Venkataramanan, L., Hurlimann, M. D., Flaum, M., Frulla, P., & Straley, C. (2002). T1–T2 correlation spectra obtained using a fast two-dimensional Laplace inversion. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 154, 261–268.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, T., Sasaki, Y., Kuroda, K., & Oosawa, K. (2002). Histological features and dynamics of the development of watercore in apple (Malus domestica) fruit. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 628, 495–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting, V. J., Silock, P., Bremer, P. J., & Biasioli, F. (2013). X-ray micro-computer tomographic method to visualize the microstructure of different apple cultivar. Journal of Food Science, 78(11), E1735–1742.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van As, H., & van Duynhoven, J. (2013). MRI of plants and foods. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 229, 25–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venturi, L., & Hills, B. (2010). Spatially resolved multidimensional cross-correlation relaxometry. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 28, 171–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verboven, P., Kerckhofs, G., Mebatsion, H. K., Ho, Q. T., Temst, K., Wevers, M., et al. (2008). Three-dimensional gas exchange pathways in pome fruit characterized by synchrotron X-ray computed tomography. Plant Physiology, 147, 518–527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vittadini, E., Chinachoti, P., Lavoie, J. P., & Pham, X. (2005). Correlation of microbial response in model food systems with physico-chemical and ‘mobility’ descriptors of the media. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 6, 21–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, H., Kaga, Y., & Amano, S. (2006). Cellular compartmentation and membrane permeability to sugars in relation to early or high temperature-induced watercore in apples. Scientia Horticulturae, 108, 29–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, H., Mukai, T., & Fukasawa-Akada, T. (2012). Comparison of the sub-cellular compartmentation of sugars in mature apples of two cultivars susceptible to different types of watercore and grown in different climates. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 87, 17–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., & McCarthy, M. J. (2013). Assessment of pomegranate postharvest quality using nuclear magnetic resonance. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 77, 59–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This publication has been produced with the financial support of the European Union (project FP7-226783-InsideFood). Also, the authors would like to pay tribute to Brian Hills, the admired NMR pioneer who has passed away. This work would have been impossible without him.

Conflict of interest

The opinions expressed in this document by no means reflect the official opinion of the European Union or its representatives.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. LPF-TAGRALIA, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), ETSI Agrónomos, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Angela Melado-Herreros & Pilar Barreiro

  2. CAI of NMR and ESR, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, P°. Juan XXIII, no. 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    M. Encarnacion Fernández-Valle

Authors
  1. Angela Melado-Herreros
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Encarnacion Fernández-Valle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pilar Barreiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Angela Melado-Herreros.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Melado-Herreros, A., Fernández-Valle, M.E. & Barreiro, P. Non-Destructive Global and Localized 2D T1/T2 NMR Relaxometry to Resolve Microstructure in Apples Affected by Watercore. Food Bioprocess Technol 8, 88–99 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1389-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1389-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation