Abstract
Non-offending pedophiles are a unique population of individuals who experience sexual interest in children, but despite common misperceptions, have neither had sexual contact with a child nor have accessed illegal child sexual exploitation material. An emerging body of research has examined the prevalence of pedophilic interests, characteristics of non-offending pedophiles, correlates of pedophilic interests, and stigma associated with pedophilia. Treatment programs are beginning to produce findings regarding the effectiveness of treatment in supporting non-offending pedophiles to remain offence-free. The current review spans these areas of research and discusses potential treatment options for working with non-offending pedophiles based on that research base.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
In this article, we take pedophila to mean a range of possibilities in terms of sexual interest directly toward prepubescent children, rather than rely on a strict diagnostic definition that includes criteria regarding objective temporality, preferentiality of interest, and clinical distress when defining pedophilia (i.e., DSM-5 pedophilic disorder diagnosis). This broad approach is taken in order to accommodate the existent literature that typically does not attempt a diagnostic definition of pedophilia, but rather assesses constructs including “sexual interest in children” or “sexual fantasies involving children.”
Hebephilic interests refers to sexual interest in pubertal children who have begun developing secondary sex characteristics.
Pedohebephilic interests is the superordinate category that includes both pedophilic individuals and hebephilic individuals.
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance
Beier KM, Ahlers CJ, Goecker D, et al. Can pedophiles be reached for primary prevention of child sexual abuse? First results of the Berlin Prevention Project Dunkelfeld (PPD). J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol. 2009;20:851–67.
Shields RT, Benelmouffok A, Letourneau EJ. Help wanted: lessons on prevention from non-offending young adult pedophiles. Poster presented at the 34th annual conference for the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Montréal, Québec, Canada. October, 2015.
Joyal CC, Cossette A, Lapierre V. What exactly is an unusual sexual fantasy? J Sex Med. 2015;12:328–40.
Dombert B, Schmidt AF, Banse R, et al. How common is males’ self-reported sexual interest in prepubescent children? J Sex Res. 2015. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1020108.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: Author; 2013.
Ahlers CJ, Schaefer GA, Mundt IA, et al. How unusual are the contents of paraphilias? Paraphilia-associated sexual arousal patterns in a community-based sample of men. J Sex Med. 2011;8:1362–70.
Abdullahi H, Jafojo RO, Udofia O. Paraphilia among undergraduates in a Nigerian university. Sex Addict Compulsivity. 2015;22:249–57.
Perälä J, Suvisaari J, Saarni SI, et al. Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar disorders in a general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:19–28.
Alanko K, Salo B, Mokros A, et al. Evidence for heritability of adult men’s sexual interest in youth under age 16 from a population-based extended twin design. J Sex Med. 2013;10:1090–9.
Dawson SJ, Bannerman BA, Lalumiere ML. Paraphilic interests: an examination of sex differences in a nonclinical sample. Sex Abuse. 2014:1–26.
Müller K, Curry S, Ranger R, et al. Changes in sexual arousal as measured by penile plethysmography in men with pedophilic sexual interest. J Sex Med. 2014;11:1221–9.
Fedoroff JP, Curry S, Müller K, et al. Evidence that arousal to pedophilic stimuli can change: response to Bailey, Cantor, and Lalumière. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44:259–63.
Bailey JM. A failure to demonstrate changes in sexual interest in pedophilic men: comment on Mueller et al. (2014). Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44:249–52.
Cantor JM. Purported changes in pedophilia as statistical artefacts: comment on Müller et al. (2014). Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44:253–4.
Lalumière ML. The lability of pedophilic interests as measured by phallometry. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44:255–8.
Mokros A, Habermeyer E. Regression to the mean mimicking changes in sexual arousal to child stimuli in pedophiles. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;19:1–5.
Tozdan S, Briken P. The earlier, the worse? Age of onset of sexual interest in children. J Sex Med. 2015;12:1602–8. Examined relationship between flexibility of pedophilic interests and onset, exclusivity, and self-efficacy.
Schaefer GA, Mundt IA, Feelgood S, et al. Potential and Dunkelfeld offenders: two neglected target groups for prevention of child sexual abuse. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2010;33:154–63.
Mitchell RC, Galupo MP. Interest in child molestation among a community sample of men sexually attracted to children. J Sex Aggress. 2015. doi:10.1080/13552600.2015.1056263.
Raven R. Executive functioning in non-offending pedophiles. MA [thesis]. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Erasmus University Rotterdam; 2014.
Jahnke S, Schmidt AF, Geradt M, Hoyer J. Stigma-related stress and its correlates among men with pedophilic sexual interests. Arch Sex Behav. 2015. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0503-7.
van Leeuwen ML, van Baaren RB, Chakhssi F, et al. Assessment of implicit sexual associations in non-incarcerated pedophiles. Arch Sex Behav. 2013;42:1501–7.
Santilla P, Antfolk J, Räfså A, et al. Men’s sexual interest in children: one-year incidence and correlates in a population-based sample of Finnish male twins. J Child Sex Abus. 2015;24:115–34.
Klein V, Schmidt AF, Turner D, et al. Are sex drive and hypersexuality associated with pedophilic interest and child sexual abuse in a male community sample? PLoS One. 2015;10:e0129730.
Houtepen JA, Sijtsema JJ, Bogaerts S. Being sexually attracted to minors: sexual development, coping with forbidden feelings, and relieving sexual arousal in self-identified pedophiles. J Sex Marital Ther. 2015. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2015.1061077. Qualitative research providing in-depth understanding of pedophilic men’s experiences in coping with and understanding their sexual interests.
Freimond CM. Navigating the stigma of pedophilia: the experiences of nine minor-attracted men in Canada. MA [thesis]. Vancouver, Canada: Simon Fraser University; 2013.
Jahnke S, Hoyer J. Stigmatization of people with pedophilia: a blind spot in stigma research. Int J Sex Health. 2013;25:169–84.
Furnham A, Haraldsen E. Lay theories of etiology and ‘cure’ for four types of paraphilia: fetishism; pedophilia; sexual sadism; and voyeurism. J Clin Psychol. 1998;54:689–700.
McCartan KF. ‘Here there be monsters’: the public’s perception of paedophiles with particular reference to Belfast and Leicester. Med Sci Law. 2004;44:327–42.
McCartan KF. Student/trainee professional implicit theories of paedophilia. Psychol Crime Law. 2010;16:265–88.
Hatzenbuehler ML. How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychol Bull. 2009;135:707–30.
Marshall WL, Marshall LE. Attachment and intimacy in sexual offenders: an update. Sex Relation Ther. 2010;25:86–90.
Ward T, Siegert RJ. Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: a theory knitting perspective. Psychol Crime Law. 2002;8:319–51.
Jahnke S, Imhoff R, Hoyer J. Stigmatization of people with pedophilia: two comparative surveys. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44:21–34.
Imhoff R. Punitive attitudes against pedophiles or persons with sexual interest in children: does the label matter? Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44:35–44.
Theaker EA. Reframing the non-offending pedophile to combat child sexual abuse: a content analysis of public response to Luke Malone’s “Help Wanted”. MA [thesis]. Bothell, WA: University of Washington Bothell; 2015.
Pescosolido BA. The stigma complex. Ann Rev Sociol. 2015;41:87–116.
Jahnke S, Philipp K, Hoyer J. Stigmatizing attitudes towards people with pedophilia and their malleability among psychotherapists in training. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;40:93–102.
Beier KM, Grundmann D, Kuhle LF, et al. The German Dunkelfeld Project: a pilot study to prevent child sexual abuse and the use of child abusive images. J Sex Med. 2015;12:529–42.
Liao KY, Kashubeck-West S, Weng CY, et al. Testing a mediation framework for the link between perceived discrimination and psychological distress among sexual minority individuals. J Couns Psychol. 2015;62:226–41.
Cantor J. Gold star pedophiles in general sex therapy practice. In: Hall K, Binik Y, editors. Principles and practice of sex therapy. 5th ed. New York: Guilford; 2014. p. 219–34.
Marshall WL, Marshall LE. The origins of sexual offending. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2000;1:250–63.
Chang EC, Lian X, Yu T, et al. Loneliness under assault: understanding the impact of sexual assault on the relation between loneliness and suicidal risk in college students. Pers Indivi Dif. 2015;72:155–9.
Stillman TF, Baumeister RF. Social rejection reduces intelligent thought and self-regulation. In: DeWall CN, editor. The Oxford handbook of social exclusion. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2013. p. 132–42.
McPhail IV, Hermann CA, Nunes KL. Emotional congruence with children and sexual offending against children: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;81:737–49.
Hermann CA, McPhail IV, Helmus LM, Hanson RK. Emotional congruence with children is associated with sexual deviancy in sexual offenders against children. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2015. doi:10.1177/0306624X15620830.
McPhail IV, Hermann CA, Fernandez YM. Correlates of emotional congruence with children in sexual offenders against children: a test of theoretical models in an incarcerated sample. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38:336–46.
Mann RE, Hanson KR, Thornton D. Assessing risk for sexual recidivism: some proposals on the nature of psychologically meaningful risk factors. Sex Abuse. 2010;22:191–217.
McPhail IV, Hermann CA, Fernane S, et al. Validity of phallometric tests of sexual interests in children: a meta-analytic review. 2015; (unpublished).
Jespersen AF, Lalumière ML, Seto MC. Sexual abuse history among adult sex offenders and non-sex offenders: a meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33:179–92.
van Anders SM. Beyond sexual orientation: integrating gender/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44:1177–213.
Gottfredson DC, Cook TD, Gardner FEM, et al. Standards of evidence for efficacy, effectiveness, and scale-up research in prevention science: next generation. Prev Sci. 2015;16:893–926.
Mental Health Commission of Canada. Changing how we see mental illness. Ottawa, Canada: The Mental Health Commission of Canada, the Canadian Human Rights Commission, the World Psychiatric Association Scientific Section on Stigma and Mental Health, and the Public Health Agency of Canada; 2012.
Pachankis JE. Uncovering clinical principles and techniques to address minority stress, mental health, and related health risks among gay and bisexual men. Clin Psychol. 2014;21:313–30.
Molina Y, Marquez JH, Logan DE, et al. Current intimate relationship status, depression, and alcohol use among bisexual women: the mediating roles of bisexual-specific minority stressors. Sex Roles. 2015;73:43–57.
Szymanski DM, Henrichs-Beck C. Exploring sexual minority women’s experiences of external and internalized heterosexism and sexism and their links to coping and distress. Sex Roles. 2014;70:28–42.
Acknowledgments
IVM was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
JMC and IVM declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not report any study with human or animal subjects.
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Current Controversies
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cantor, J.M., McPhail, I.V. Non-offending Pedophiles. Curr Sex Health Rep 8, 121–128 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-016-0076-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-016-0076-z