Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Role of Statins in the Setting of HIV Infection

  • Complications of Antiretroviral Therapy (JM Kilby, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current HIV/AIDS Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

HIV-infected individuals are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other HIV-related co-morbidities. This is due in part to dyslipidemia associated with antiretroviral therapy and increased inflammation and immune activation from chronic HIV infection. Statins not only have potent lipid-lowering properties but are also anti-inflammatory and immunomodulators. Studies suggest that statin therapy in the HIV-infected population may decrease the risk of CVD and other non-AIDS-defining co-morbidities. This review summarizes the recent literature on statin use in the HIV setting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Grunfeld C, Delaney JA, Wanke C, Currier JS, Scherzer R, Biggs ML, et al. Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study. AIDS. 2009;23:1841–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2506–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, De Wit S, Drummond F, Lane HC, et al. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med. 2008;5, e203.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Friis-Moller N, Weber R, Reiss P, Thiebaut R, Kirk O, d’Arminio Monforte A, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients—association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study. AIDS. 2003;17:1179–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Tobert JA. Lovastatin and beyond: the history of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:517–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tuomilehto J, Zimmet P, Mackay IR, Koskela P, Vidgren G, Toivanen L, et al. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase as predictors of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus before clinical onset of disease. Lancet. 1994;343:1383–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Heart Protection Study Collaborative G. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:S1–45. This report consists of updated recommendations for statin therapy use.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Aslangul E, Assoumou L, Bittar R, Valantin MA, Kalmykova O, Peytavin G, et al. Rosuvastatin versus pravastatin in dyslipidemic HIV-1-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors: a randomized trial. AIDS. 2010;24:77–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gerber JG, Rosenkranz SL, Fichtenbaum CJ, Vega JM, Yang A, Alston BL, et al. Effect of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin, atorvastatin, and pravastatin: results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5108 Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;39:307–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kiser JJ, Gerber JG, Predhomme JA, Wolfe P, Flynn DM, Hoody DW. Drug/drug interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:570–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Busti AJ, Bain AM, Hall 2nd RG, Bedimo RG, Leff RD, Meek C, et al. Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir or fosamprenavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2008;51:605–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ray GM. Antiretroviral and statin drug-drug interactions. Cardiol Rev. 2009;17:44–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Calza L, Manfredi R, Colangeli V, Tampellini L, Sebastiani T, Pocaterra D, et al. Substitution of nevirapine or efavirenz for protease inhibitor versus lipid-lowering therapy for the management of dyslipidaemia. AIDS. 2005;19:1051–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Singh S, Willig JH, Mugavero MJ, Crane PK, Harrington RD, Knopp RH, et al. Comparative effectiveness and toxicity of statins among HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:387–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hirsch M, O’Donnell JC, Jones P. Rosuvastatin is cost-effective in treating patients to low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol goals compared with atorvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin: analysis of the STELLAR trial. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12:18–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Strandberg TE, Feely J, Sigurdsson EL, Group Ds. Twelve-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label comparison of the effects of rosuvastatin 10 mg/d and atorvastatin 10 mg/d in high-risk adults: a DISCOVERY study. Clin Ther. 2004;26:1821–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, McKenney JM, Miller E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR* Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:152–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stender S, Schuster H, Barter P, Watkins C, Kallend D, Group MIS. Comparison of rosuvastatin with atorvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin in achieving cholesterol goals and improving plasma lipids in hypercholesterolaemic patients with or without the metabolic syndrome in the MERCURY I trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005;7:430–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation 1998,97:1440–1445.

  21. Stein JH, Merwood MA, Bellehumeur JL, Aeschlimann SE, Korcarz CE, Underbakke GL, et al. Effects of pravastatin on lipoproteins and endothelial function in patients receiving human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. Am Heart J. 2004;147, E18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hürlimann D, Chenevard R, Ruschitzka F, Flepp M, Enseleit F, Bechir M, et al. Effects of statins on endothelial function and lipid profile in HIV infected persons receiving protease inhibitor-containing anti-retroviral combination therapy: a randomised double blind crossover trial. Heart. 2006;92:110–2.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bonnet F, Balestre E, Thiebaut R, Mercie P, Dupon M, Morlat P, et al. Fibrates or statins and lipid plasma levels in 245 patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aquitaine Cohort, France, 1999–2001. HIV Med. 2004;5:133–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bittar R, Giral P, Aslangul E, Assoumou L, Valantin MA, Kalmykova O, et al. Effects of rosuvastatin versus pravastatin on low-density lipoprotein diameter in HIV-1-infected patients receiving ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor. AIDS. 2012;26:1801–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Eckard AR, Jiang Y, Debanne SM, Funderburg NT, McComsey GA. Effect of 24 weeks of statin therapy on systemic and vascular inflammation in HIV-infected subjects receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:1156–64. This randomized, placebo-controlled trial of rosuvastatin vs. placebo in ART-treated HIV-infected subjects showed that Lp-PLA 2 levels decreased with 24 weeks of statin use.

  26. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brown TT, Cole SR, Li X, Kingsley LA, Palella FJ, Riddler SA, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1179–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, Murphy SA, Ho JE, Waters DD, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305:2556–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. McComsey G, Jiang Y, Erlandson K, Debanne S. Rosuvastatin improves hip bone mineral density but worsens insulin resistance. Boston: Conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections; 2014. This randomized, placebo-controlled trial of rosuvastatin vs. placebo in ART-treated HIV-infected subjects showed that insulin resistance may worsen with statin therapy in this population.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Boccara F, Simon T, Lacombe K, Cohen A, Laloux B, Bozec E, et al. Influence of pravastatin on carotid artery structure and function in dyslipidemic HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006;20:2395–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Longenecker C, Jiang Y, Debanne S, Labbato D, Kinley B, Storer N, et al. Rosuvastatin arrests progression of carotid intima-media thickness in treated HIV. Seattle: Conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections; 2015. This randomized, placebo-controlled trial of rosuvastatin vs. placebo in ART-treated HIV-infected subjects showed that carotid IMT progression did not progress significantly with 96 weeks of statin therapy, although there was significant progression in the placebo group.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, Downs JR, Weis SE, Miles JS, et al. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1959–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto Jr AM, Kastelein JJ, et al. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1175–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ross R. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ota H, Eto M, Kano MR, Kahyo T, Setou M, Ogawa S, et al. Induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, SIRT1, and catalase by statins inhibits endothelial senescence through the Akt pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:2205–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhou Q, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins. - Basic research and clinical perspectives. Circ J. 2010;74:818–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jougasaki M, Ichiki T, Takenoshita Y, Setoguchi M. Statins suppress interleukin-6-induced monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 by inhibiting Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathways in human vascular endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;159:1294–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Amuro H, Ito T, Miyamoto R, Sugimoto H, Torii Y, Son Y, et al. Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, function as inhibitors of cellular and molecular components involved in type I interferon production. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2073–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mira E, Manes S. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of statins. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009;9:237–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jain MK, Ridker PM. Anti-inflammatory effects of statins: clinical evidence and basic mechanisms. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005;4:977–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dulak J, Jozkowicz A. Anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of statins: relevance to anti-cancer therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2005;5:579–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yasuda H, Yuen PS, Hu X, Zhou H, Star RA. Simvastatin improves sepsis-induced mortality and acute kidney injury via renal vascular effects. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1535–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Tleyjeh IM, Kashour T, Hakim FA, Zimmerman VA, Erwin PJ, Sutton AJ, et al. Statins for the prevention and treatment of infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1658–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fedson DS. Confronting an influenza pandemic with inexpensive generic agents: can it be done? Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:571–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Thomsen RW, Riis A, Kornum JB, Christensen S, Johnsen SP, Sorensen HT. Preadmission use of statins and outcomes after hospitalization with pneumonia: population-based cohort study of 29,900 patients. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2081–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ross AC, Rizk N, O’Riordan MA, Dogra V, El-Bejjani D, Storer N, et al. Relationship between inflammatory markers, endothelial activation markers, and carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1119–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Triant VA, Meigs JB, Grinspoon SK. Association of C-reactive protein and HIV infection with acute myocardial infarction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:268–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Giorgi JV, Hultin LE, McKeating JA, Johnson TD, Owens B, Jacobson LP, et al. Shorter survival in advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is more closely associated with T lymphocyte activation than with plasma virus burden or virus chemokine coreceptor usage. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:859–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Aslangul E, Fellahi S, Assoumou LK, Bastard JP, Capeau J, Costagliola D. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels fall during statin therapy in HIV-infected patients receiving ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors. AIDS. 2011;25:1128–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Calza L, Vanino E, Salvadori C, Manfredi R, Colangeli V, Cascavilla A, et al. Tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz plus rosuvastatin decrease serum levels of inflammatory markers more than antiretroviral drugs alone in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected patients. HIV Clin Trials. 2014;15:1–13. This study suggested that adding statin therapy at the time of ART initiation reduced inflammation more than ART alone.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Fichtenbaum CJ, Evans SE, Aberg JA. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels do not decrease with the use of statins in all persons with HIV infection. AIDS. 2011;25:2053.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. De Wit S, Delforge M, Necsoi CV, Clumeck N. Downregulation of CD38 activation markers by atorvastatin in HIV patients with undetectable viral load. AIDS. 2011;25:1332–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ganesan A, Crum-Cianflone N, Higgins J, Qin J, Rehm C, Metcalf J, et al. High dose atorvastatin decreases cellular markers of immune activation without affecting HIV-1 RNA levels: results of a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:756–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Funderburg NT, Jiang Y, Debanne SM, Storer N, Labbato D, Clagett B, et al. Rosuvastatin treatment reduces markers of monocyte activation in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:588–95. This randomized, placebo-controlled trial of rosuvastatin vs. placebo in ART-treated HIV-infected subjects showed that monocyte activation decreased over 24 weeks with statin use.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Funderburg NT, Jiang Y, Debanne SM, Labbato D, Juchnowski S, Ferrari B, et al. Rosuvastatin reduces vascular inflammation and T-cell and monocyte activation in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68:396–404. This randomized, placebo-controlled trial of rosuvastatin vs. placebo in ART-treated HIV-infected subjects showed that monocyte and lymphocyte activation and a number of inflammatory markers decreased over 48 weeks with statin use.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sandler NG, Wand H, Roque A, Law M, Nason MC, Nixon DE, et al. Plasma levels of soluble CD14 independently predict mortality in HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:780–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Tenorio AR, Zheng Y, Bosch RJ, Krishnan S, Rodriguez B, Hunt PW, et al. Soluble markers of inflammation and coagulation but not T-cell activation predict non-AIDS-defining morbid events during suppressive antiretroviral treatment. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:1248–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mackman N. Role of tissue factor in hemostasis and thrombosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2006;36:104–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Cros J, Cagnard N, Woollard K, Patey N, Zhang SY, Senechal B, et al. Human CD14dim monocytes patrol and sense nucleic acids and viruses via TLR7 and TLR8 receptors. Immunity. 2010;33:375–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Funderburg NT, Zidar DA, Shive C, Lioi A, Mudd J, Musselwhite LW, et al. Shared monocyte subset phenotypes in HIV-1 infection and in uninfected subjects with acute coronary syndrome. Blood. 2012;120:4599–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lp PLASC, Thompson A, Gao P, Orfei L, Watson S, Di Angelantonio E, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) and risk of coronary disease, stroke, and mortality: collaborative analysis of 32 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375:1536–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Investigators S, White HD, Held C, Stewart R, Tarka E, Brown R, et al. Darapladib for preventing ischemic events in stable coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1702–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Rasmussen LD, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Pedersen C, Gerstoft J, Obel N. Statin therapy and mortality in HIV-infected individuals; a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e52828. This cohort study showed that statin use significantly reduced all-cause mortality in HIV-infected patients who also had a co-morbidity diagnosis.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Moore RD, Bartlett JG, Gallant JE. Association between use of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and mortality in HIV-infected patients. PLoS One. 2011;6, e21843.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Overton ET, Kitch D, Benson CA, Hunt PW, Stein JH, Smurzynski M, et al. Effect of statin therapy in reducing the risk of serious non-AIDS-defining events and nonaccidental death. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1471–9. This cohort study showed a significant reduction in non-AIDS-defining malignancies with statin use, but they also observed a significant increase in bacterial infections.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Drechsler H, Zhang S, Maalouf N, Cutrell J, Tebas P, Bedimo R. Impact of statin exposure on mortality and non-AIDS complications in HIV patients on HAART. Atlanta: Conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Chao C, Xu L, Abrams DI, Towner WJ, Horberg MA, Leyden WA, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-positive persons. AIDS. 2011;25:1771–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Corrales-Medina VF, Del Carpio F, Concha R, Symes S. Statins and HIV: beyond the metabolic and cardiovascular benefit. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;39:503–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Shimada K, Miyauchi K, Daida H. Early intervention with atorvastatin modulates TH1/TH2 imbalance in patients with acute coronary syndrome: from bedside to bench. Circulation. 2004;109:e213–4. author reply e213-214.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Narayan S, Hawley N, Giguere P, Badley AD. Attenuated T-lymphocyte response to HIV therapy in individuals receiving HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. HIV Clin Trials. 2003;4:164–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rodriguez B, Valdez H, Mijch A, Watson K, Lederman MM, McComsey GA, et al. Statins blunt HAART-induced CD4 T-cell gains but have no long-term effect on virologic response to HAART. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic). 2007;6:198–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Negredo E, Clotet B, Puig J, Perez-Alvarez N, Ruiz L, Romeu J, et al. The effect of atorvastatin treatment on HIV-1-infected patients interrupting antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006;20:619–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Maziere JC, Landureau JC, Giral P, Auclair M, Fall L, Lachgar A, et al. Lovastatin inhibits HIV-1 expression in H9 human T lymphocytes cultured in cholesterol-poor medium. Biomed Pharmacother. 1994;48:63–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Giguere JF, Tremblay MJ. Statin compounds reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by preventing the interaction between virion-associated host intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and its natural cell surface ligand LFA-1. J Virol. 2004;78:12062–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Moncunill G, Negredo E, Bosch L, Vilarrasa J, Witvrouw M, Llano A, et al. Evaluation of the anti-HIV activity of statins. AIDS. 2005;19:1697–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Amet T, Nonaka M, Dewan MZ, Saitoh Y, Qi X, Ichinose S, et al. Statin-induced inhibition of HIV-1 release from latently infected U1 cells reveals a critical role for protein prenylation in HIV-1 replication. Microbes Infect. 2008;10:471–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. del Real G, Jimenez-Baranda S, Mira E, Lacalle RA, Lucas P, Gomez-Mouton C, et al. Statins inhibit HIV-1 infection by down-regulating Rho activity. J Exp Med. 2004;200:541–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Development at the National Institutes of Health [K23 HD069199 to ARE and R01 NR012642 and HD070490 to GAM]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Allison Ross Eckard declares a grant from NIH for work related to the article, grants from Cubist Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, and Bristol–Myers Squibb to her institution, and personal consulting fees from Gilead Sciences.

Grace A. McComsey declares a grant from NIH for work related to the article and grants and personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, ViiV/GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead, ICON, and Merck for serving as a consultant, speaker, and for receiving research funding.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Allison Ross Eckard.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Complications of Antiretroviral Therapy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Eckard, A.R., McComsey, G.A. The Role of Statins in the Setting of HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 12, 305–312 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-015-0273-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-015-0273-9

Keywords

Navigation