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Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Prevention

  • Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes (JR Unger, Section Editor)
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Abstract

Hypoglycemia is uncommon in the general, nondiabetic population but occurs frequently in persons with diabetes treated with insulin or insulin secretagogues. Thus, iatrogenic hypoglycemia explains the majority of cases among persons with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Since T1DM is characterized by absolute insulin dependence, the current imperfections in insulin replacement therapies often lead to a mismatch between caloric supply and circulating insulin levels, thus increasing the risk for glycemic fluctuations. Hypoglycemia is the limiting factor to excellent glycemic control in insulin-treated subjects. Intensification of glycemic control was associated with a 300 % increase in the rate of hypoglycemia in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Recent measurements using continuous glucose monitoring reveal an alarming rate of daytime and nocturnal episodes of hypoglycemia in patients with T1DM. Etiological factors underlying hypoglycemia in T1DM include predictable triggers (skipped meals, exercise, insulin over dosage) as well as defective counterregulation, a component of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure.

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Acknowledgment

Dr. Samuel Dagogo-Jack is supported in part by grants from NIH (DK67269, DK62203, DK48411, DK 98246).

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Omodele Awoniyi, Rabia Rehman, and Samuel Dagogo-Jack declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism & Clinical Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 920 Madison Avenue, Suite 300A, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA

    Omodele Awoniyi, Rabia Rehman & Samuel Dagogo-Jack

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  1. Omodele Awoniyi
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Correspondence to Samuel Dagogo-Jack.

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Awoniyi, O., Rehman, R. & Dagogo-Jack, S. Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Prevention. Curr Diab Rep 13, 669–678 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0411-y

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