Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Role of Prolactin and Its Receptor in Colorectal Cancer

  • Molecular Biology (S Anant, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Colorectal Cancer Reports

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer related deaths in the USA. Worldwide, up to 5 % of all reported cancer cases are due to CRC, with ∼60 % occurring in industrially developed or developing countries. Environmental factors ranging from changing dietary habits to environmental toxins are associated with the development of CRC. Germline mutations in APC, TP53, and DNA mismatch repair genes contribute to nearly 35 % of the registered CRC cases and are by far the best-studied factors for CRC. Hormones are critical regulatory factors produced by the body to regulate diverse physiological activities. Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone, which is expressed in most mammalian species. In humans, PRL binds to PRL receptor (PRLR) and induces the JAK-STAT or JAK-STAT-ERK pathways. Studies from several groups over the last few decades have shown that PRL can regulate a spectrum of functions ranging from behavior to immune responses to tumorigenesis. Epidemiological studies related to cancer especially breast or prostrate have linked the role of PRL or receptor in the causation of tumor progression. This review sheds a brief overview about PRL or receptor role in colorectal tumorigenesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63(1):11–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. R SPaG. Action du lobe antérieure de l’hypophyse sur la montée laiteuse. . C R Soc Biol. 1928;99:1978-80.

  3. Riddle O, Bates RW, Dykshorn SW. The preparation, identification and assay of prolactin—a hormone of the anterior pituitary. Am J Physiol. 1933;105:191–216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Friesen H. The discovery of human prolactin: a very personal account. Clin Invest Med. 1995;18(1):66–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ben-Jonathan N, LaPensee CR, LaPensee EW. What can we learn from rodents about prolactin in humans? Endocr Rev. 2008;29(1):1–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Guyda HJ, Friesen HG. Serum prolactin levels in humans from birth to adult life. Pediatr Res. 1973;7(5):534–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Peuskens J, Pani L, Detraux J, De Hert M. The effects of novel and newly approved antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels: a comprehensive review. CNS drugs. 2014.

  8. Owerbach DRW, Rutter W, Cooke NE, Martial JA, Shows TB. The prolactin gene is located on chromosome 6 in humans. Science. 1981;212:815–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Truong AT, Duez C, Belayew A, Renard A, Pictet R, et al. Isolation and characterization of the human prolactin gene. EMBO J. 1984;3:429–37.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Goffin VSK, Shiverick K, Kelly PA, Martial JA. Sequence-function relationships within the expanding family of prolactin, growth hormone, placental lactogen and related proteins in mammals. Endocrinol Rev. 1996;17:385–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Miller WL, Eberhardt NL. Structure and evolution of the growth hormone gene family. Endocrinol Rev. 1983;4:97–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sinha. Structural variants of prolactin: occurrence and physiological significance. Endocrinol Rev. 1995;16:354–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Clevenger CV, Freier DO, Kline JB. Prolactin receptor signal transduction in cells of the immune system. J Endocrinol. 1998;157(2):187–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Peers B, Voz M, Monget P, Mathy-Hartert M, Berwaer M, et al. Regulatory elements controlling pituitary specific expression of the human prolactin gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1990;10:4690–700.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Berwaer M, Martial J, Davis JR. Characterization of an up-stream promoter directing extrapituitary expression of the human prolactin gene. Mol Endocrinol. 1994;8:635–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gellersen B, Kempf R, Telgmann R, DiMattia GE. Nonpituitary human prolactin gene transcription is independent of Pit-1 and differentially controlled in lymphocytes and in endometrial stroma. Mol Endocrinol. 1994;8:356–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Clapp C, Gonzalez C, Macotela Y, Aranda J, Rivera JC, Garcia C, et al. Vasoinhibins: a family of N-terminal prolactin fragments that inhibit angiogenesis and vascular function. Front Horm Res. 2006;35:64–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ferrara N, Clapp C, Weiner R. The 16 K fragment of prolactin specifically inhibits basal or fibroblast growth factor stimulated growth of capillary endothelial cells. Endocrinology. 1991;129(2):896–900.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nicol M, Willis C, Yiangou C, Sinnett D, Shousha S. Relationship between serum prolactin levels and histology of benign and malignant breast lesions: a detailed study of 153 consecutive cases. Breast J. 2002;8(5):281–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Meaney AM, O’Keane V. Prolactin and schizophrenia: clinical consequences of hyperprolactinaemia. Life Sci. 2002;71(9):979–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cookson J, Hodgson R, Wildgust HJ. Prolactin, hyperprolactinaemia and antipsychotic treatment: a review and lessons for treatment of early psychosis. J Psychopharmacol. 2012;26(5 Suppl):42–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Byerly M, Suppes T, Tran QV, Baker RA. Clinical implications of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar spectrum disorders: recent developments and current perspectives. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(6):639–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Torre DL, Falorni A. Pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinemia. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007;3(5):929–51.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Hummer M, Huber J. Hyperprolactinaemia and antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(2):189–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Knegtering H, van der Moolen AE, Castelein S, Kluiter H, van den Bosch RJ. What are the effects of antipsychotics on sexual dysfunctions and endocrine functioning? Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003;28 Suppl 2:109–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Welsch CW, Nagasawa H. Prolactin and murine mammary tumorigenesis: a review. Cancer Res. 1977;37(4):951–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Muhlbock O, Boot LM. Induction of mammary cancer in mice without the mammary tumor agent by isografts of hypophyses. Cancer Res. 1959;19:402–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Oakes SR, Robertson FG, Kench JG, Gardiner-Garden M, Wand MP, Green JE, et al. Loss of mammary epithelial prolactin receptor delays tumor formation by reducing cell proliferation in low-grade preinvasive lesions. Oncogene. 2007;26(4):543–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ginsburg EVB, Vonderhaar B. Prolactin synthesis and secretion by human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1995;55:2591–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Vonderhaar BK. Prolactin involvement in breast cancer. Endocr-relat Cancer. 1999;6(3):389–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Clevenger CV, Chang WP, Ngo W, Pasha TL, Montone KT, Tomaszewski JE. Expression of prolactin and prolactin receptor in human breast carcinoma: evidence for an autocrine/ paracrine loop. Am J Pathol. 1995;146:695–705.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Sluss P, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(12):1482–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Manjer J, Johansson R, Berglund G, Janzon L, Kaaks R, Agren A, et al. Postmenopausal breast cancer risk in relation to sex steroid hormones, prolactin and SHBG (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14(7):599–607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Zhang X, Qian J, Sluss PM, Rosner BA, et al. A 20-year prospective study of plasma prolactin as a risk marker of breast cancer development. Cancer Res. 2013;73(15):4810–9. First demonstration that PRL levels in plasma can be a prognostic marker.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Mukherjee S, Kar M, Dutta S. Observation on serum prolactin in hepatic cirrhosis. J Indian Mes Assoc. 1991;89(11):307–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Buckley AR, Crowe PD, Bauman PA, Neumayer LA, Laird 2nd HE, Russell DH, et al. Prolactin-provoked alterations of cytosolic, membrane, and nuclear protein kinase C following partial hepatectomy. Dig Dis Sci. 1991;36(9):1313–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Clendenen TV, Arslan AA, Lokshin AE, Liu M, Lundin E, Koenig KL, et al. Circulating prolactin levels and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes Control CCC. 2013;24(4):741–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Levina VV, Nolen B, Su Y, Godwin AK, Fishman D, Liu J, et al. Biological significance of prolactin in gynecologic cancers. Cancer Res. 2009;69(12):5226–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Grayhack JT, Bunce PL, Kearns JW, Scott WW. Influence of the pituitary on prostatic response to androgen in the rat. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1955;96(4):154–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ruffion A, Al-Sakkaf KA, Brown BL, Eaton CL, Hamdy FC, Dobson PR. The survival effect of prolactin on PC3 prostate cancer cells. Eur Urol. 2003;43(3):301–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dillner K, Kindblom J, Flores-Morales A, Shao R, Tornell J, Norstedt G, et al. Gene expression analysis of prostate hyperplasia in mice overexpressing the prolactin gene specifically in the prostate. Endocrinology. 2003;144(11):4955–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Stanisic TH, Donovan J. Prolactin secreting renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1986;136:85–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Li H, Zhang Y, Glass A, Zellweger T, Gehan E, Bubendorf L, et al. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 in prostate cancer predicts early recurrence. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(16):5863–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kagnoff M. Immunology of the intestinal tract. Gastroenterology. 1993;105:1275–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Muller E, Dowling RH. Prolactin and the small intestine. Effect of hyperprolactinaemia on mucosal structure in the rat. Gut. 1981;22(7):558–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Ajibade DV, Dhawan P, Fechner AJ, Meyer MB, Pike JW, Christakos S. Evidence for a role of prolactin in calcium homeostasis: regulation of intestinal transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6, intestinal calcium absorption, and the 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1 alpha hydroxylase gene by prolactin. Endocrinology. 2010;151(7):2974–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Ferlazzo A, Carvalho ES, Gregorio SF, Power DM, Canario AV, Trischitta F, et al. Prolactin regulates luminal bicarbonate secretion in the intestine of the sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). J Exp Biol. 2012;215(Pt 21):3836–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Dusanter-Fourt I, Belair L, Gespach C, Djiane J. Expression of prolactin receptor gene and prolactin-binding sites in rabbit intestinal epithelial cells. Endocrinology. 1992;130:2877–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bhatavdekar JM, Patel DD, Giri DD, Karelia NH, Vora HH, Ghosh N, et al. Comparison of plasma prolactin and CEA in monitoring patients with adenocarcinoma of colon and rectum. Br J Cancer. 1992;66(5):977–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Bhatavdekar JM, Patel DD, Shah NG, Karelia NH, Vora HH, Ghosh N, et al. Prognostic value of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors in patients with colon/rectal cancer: correlation with plasma prolactin. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1995;21(1):23–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ilan Y, Sibirsky O, Livni N, Gofrit O, Barack V, Goldin E. Plasma and tumor prolactin in colorectal cancer patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40(9):2010–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bhatavdekar JM, Patel DD, Chikhlikar PR, Shah NG, Vora HH, Ghosh N, et al. Ectopic production of prolactin by colorectal adenocarcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44(1):119–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Soroush AR, Zadeh HM, Moemeni M, Shakiba B, Elmi S. Plasma prolactin in patients with colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2004;4:97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Otte JM, Otte C, Beckedorf S, Schmitz F, Vonderhaar BK, Folsch UR, et al. Expression of functional prolactin and its receptor in human colorectal cancer. Int J Color Dis. 2003;18(1):86–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Neradugomma NK, Subramaniam D, Tawfik OW, Goffin V, Kumar TR, Jensen RA, et al. Prolactin signaling enhances colon cancer stemness by modulating Notch signaling in a JAK2-STAT3/ERK manner. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(4):795–806. This is the first demonstration of PRL enhancing stem cell function.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Baert D, Matthys C, Gillardin JP, Lepoutre L, Thienpont L, Kaufman JM, et al. Prolactin and colorectal cancer: is there a connection? Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1998;61(4):407–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Carlson HE, Zarrabi MH, Lyubsky SL. Lack of association between hyperprolactinemia and colon carcinoma. Cancer Invest. 2000;18(2):130–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Indinnimeo M, Cicchini C, Memeo L, Stazi A, Ghini C, Ricci F, et al. Plasma and tissue prolactin detection in colon carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2001;8(6):1351–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA. Prolactin and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in prolactin receptor knockout mice. Endocrinol Rev. 1998;19:225–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Davis JA, Linzer DI. Expression of multiple forms of the prolactin receptor in mouse liver. Mol Endocrinol. 1989;3:674–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Mao JNC, Burnside J, Li L, Tang J, Davolos C, Cogburn LA. Characterization of unique truncated prolactin receptor transcripts, corresponding to the intracellular domain, in the testis of the sexually mature chicken. Endocrinology. 1999;140:1165–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bazan J. Structural design and molecular evolution of a cytokine receptor superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:6934–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Bazan J. Haematopoietic receptors and helical cytokines. Immunol Today. 1990;11:350–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. DaSilva L, Howard OM, Rui H, Kirken RA, Farrar WL. Growth signaling and JAK2 association mediated by membraneproximal cytoplasmic regions of prolactin receptors. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:18267–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Lebrun J-J, Ali S, Ullrich A, Kelly PA. Proline-rich sequence mediated JAK2 association to the prolactin receptor is required but not sufficient for signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:10664–670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Pezet A, Buteau H, Kelly PA, Edery M. The last proline of box 1 is essential for association with JAK2 and functional activation of the prolactin receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997;129:199–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pezet A, Ferrag F, Kelly PA, Edery M. Tyrosine docking sites of the rat prolactin receptor required for association and activation Stat5. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:25043–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ali S, Ali S. Recruitment of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 to the C-terminal tyrosine of the prolactin receptor and to the adaptor protein Gab2. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:39073–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kline JB, Roehrs H, Clevenger CV. Functional characterization of the intermediate isoform of the human prolactin receptor. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:35461–468.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kline JB, Rycyzyn M, Clevenger CV. Characterization of a novel and functional human prolactin receptor isoform (S1PRLr) containing only one fibronectin-like domain. Mol Endocrinol. 2002;16:2310–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kline JB, Clevenger CV. Identification and characterization of the prolactin-binding protein (PRLBP) in human serum and milk. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:24760–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Nagano M, Kelly PA. Tissue distribution and regulation of rat prolactin receptor gene expression. Quantitative analysis by polymerase chain reaction. J Biol Chem. 1994;269(18):13337–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Di Carlo R, Muccioli G, Bellussi G, Lando D, Mussa A. Presence and characterization of prolactin receptors in human benign breast tumours. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1984;20(5):635–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Meng J, Tsai-Morris CH, Dufau ML. Human prolactin receptor variants in breast cancer: low ratio of short forms to the long-form human prolactin receptor associated with mammary carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2004;64(16):5677–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bogorad RL, Courtillot C, Mestayer C, Bernichtein S, Harutyunyan L, Jomain JB, et al. Identification of a gain-of-function mutation of the prolactin receptor in women with benign breast tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(38):14533–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Plotnikov A, Varghese B, Tran TH, Liu C, Rui H, Fuchs SY. Impaired turnover of prolactin receptor contributes to transformation of human breast cells. Cancer Res. 2009;69(7):3165–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Langenheim JF, Chen WY. Improving the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of prolactin, GH, and their antagonists by fusion to a synthetic albumin-binding peptide. J Endocrinol. 2009;203(3):375–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Reynolds C, Montone KT, Powell CM, Tomaszewski JE, Clevenger CV. Expression of prolactin and its receptor in human breast carcinoma. Endocrinology. 1997;138(12):5555–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Damiano JS, Rendahl KG, Karim C, Embry MG, Ghoddusi M, Holash J, et al. Neutralization of prolactin receptor function by monoclonal antibody LFA102, a novel potential therapeutic for the treatment of breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2013. This is the first demonstration of a PRL antagonist that can interact with PRLR and neutralize it.

  80. Nagano M, Chastre E, Choquet A, Bara J, Gespach C, Kelly PA. Expression of prolactin and growth hormone receptor genes and their isoforms in the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol. 1995;268(3 Pt 1):G431–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Yu-Lee LY, Luo G, Book ML, Morris SM. Lactogenic hormone signal transduction. Biol Reprod. 1998;58:295–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Goupille O, Daniel N, Bignon C, Jolivet G, Djiane J. Prolactin signal transduction to milk protein genes: carboxyterminal part of the prolactin receptor and its tyrosine phosphorylation are not obligatory for JAK2 and Stat5 activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997;127:155–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ormandy CJ, Camus A, Barra J, Damotte D, Lucas BK, et al. Null mutation of the prolactin receptor gene produces multiple reproductive defects in the mouse. Genes Dev. 1997;11:167–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kelly PA, Binart N, Freemark M, Lucas B, Goffin V, Bouchard B. Prolactin receptor signal transduction pathways and actions determined in prolactin receptor knockout mice. Biochem Soc Trans. 2001;29(2):48–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Darnell Jr JE, Kerr IM, Stark GR. JAK-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science. 1994;264(5164):1415–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stark GR, Darnell Jr JE. The JAK-STAT pathway at twenty. Immunity. 2012;36(4):503–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Igaz P, Toth S, Falus A. Biological and clinical significance of the JAK-STAT pathway; lessons from knockout mice. Inflamm Res. 2001;50(9):435–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. O’Shea JJ, Gadina M, Schreiber RD. Cytokine signaling in 2002: new surprises in the JAK/Stat pathway. Cell. 2002;109(Suppl):S121–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Haan S, Hermanns HM, Muller-Newen G, Schaper F. Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation. Biochem J. 2003;374(Pt 1):1–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Aaronson DS, Horvath CM. A road map for those who don’t know JAK-STAT. Science. 2002;296(5573):1653–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Greenhalgh CJ, Hilton DJ. Negative regulation of cytokine signaling. J Leuko Biol. 2001;70(3):348–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Corvinus FM, Orth C, Moriggl R, Tsareva SA, Wagner S, Pfitzner EB, et al. Persistent STAT3 activation in colon cancer is associated with enhanced cell proliferation and tumor growth. Neoplasia. 2005;7(6):545–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Spano JP, Milano G, Rixe C, Fagard R. JAK/STAT signalling pathway in colorectal cancer: a new biological target with therapeutic implications. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(16):2668–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Xiong H, Zhang ZG, Tian XQ, Sun DF, Liang QC, Zhang YJ, et al. Inhibition of JAK1, 2/STAT3 signaling induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and reduces tumor cell invasion in colorectal cancer cells. Neoplasia. 2008;10(3):287–97.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Wei X, Wang G, Li W, Hu X, Huang Q, Xu K, et al. Activation of the JAK-STAT3 pathway is associated with the growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep. 2014;31(1):335–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Slattery ML, Lundgreen A, Kadlubar SA, Bondurant KL, Wolff RK. JAK/STAT/SOCS-signaling pathway and colon and rectal cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2013;52(2):155–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Naveen K. Neradugomma declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Satheesh Sainathan declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Joaquina Baranda has received research funding from Novartis.

Dharmalingam Subramaniam declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Shrikant Anant declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, 4019 Wahl Hall East MS 3040, Kansas City, KS, 66103, USA

    Naveen K. Neradugomma, Satheesh Sainathan, Dharmalingam Subramaniam & Shrikant Anant

  2. Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66103, USA

    Joaquina Baranda & Shrikant Anant

Authors
  1. Naveen K. Neradugomma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Satheesh Sainathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joaquina Baranda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dharmalingam Subramaniam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shrikant Anant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shrikant Anant.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Neradugomma, N.K., Sainathan, S., Baranda, J. et al. Role of Prolactin and Its Receptor in Colorectal Cancer. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep 10, 453–462 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11888-014-0248-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11888-014-0248-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation