Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine the diversity, distribution and vegetative structure of mangroves of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI). The results suggest that mangroves of the ANI consist of 38 mangrove species belonging to 12 families and 19 genera, which includes 4 hybrids and 34 species. In other words, about 50% of the global mangrove species are present in ANI. Andaman Islands have 35 species and Nicobar Islands have 21 mangrove species. The average tree density in ANI is 1746/per hectare and varies from 487 to 2383 per hectare. The Shannon diversity index for the whole ANI is 2.94 and Simpson index is 0.07. Family Rhizophoraceae constitutes an important vegetative component in the mangroves of the ANI followed by Acanthaceae, Lythraceae and Malvaceae. Rhizophora spp. constitutes 19% of the Important Value Index (IVI) and R. apiculata is dominant in ANI. Among the eight forest divisions, mangrove diversity is high in South Andaman (30 species) followed by Middle Andaman (28), Mayabunder (25), Diglipur (25), Nicobar (21), Little Andaman (20), Havelock (20) and Baratang (20). The average mangrove plant density and Shannon diversity index (H’) is high in Middle Andaman (2101/hectare; H’ = 2.93). Species richness index (d’) is high in South Andaman (3.32). Evenness index (J’) is high in Little Andaman (0.92). Simpson dominance index (D) ranged between 0.07–0.1, and this agrees with the high diversity in mangroves of ANI. In all the divisions Rhizophora spp. constitutes a major vegetative component except, Diglipur and Nicobar. In Diglipur Bruguiera spp. are dominant, while in Nicobar Sonneratia spp. are dominant. The low similarity value of the Nicobar division with other divisions indicates the difference in floristic structure of mangroves of the Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands. The present study also indicates that mangrove of ANI are more diverse in its species composition than the other mangrove habitats in India.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aksornkoae S (1993) Ecology and management of mangroves. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, Wetlands and Water Resources Programme
Aragones EG, Rojo JP, Pitargue FC (1998) Botanical identification handbook on Philippine mangrove trees. Forest Products Research and Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Laguna, the Philippines, 127 pp
Banerjee LK, Sastry ARK, Nayar MP (1989) Mangroves in India Identification Manual. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India
Bhatt JR, Kathiresan K (2011) Biodiversity of Mangrove Ecosystems in India. In Towards Conservation and Management of Mangrove Ecosystems in India/ed. by Bhatt J R., Macintosh D. J., Nayar T. S., Pandey C. N. and B. P. Nilaratna, IUCN India
Blasco (1977) Outline of ecology, botany and forestry of mangals of the Indian subcontinent. In (V.J. Chapman. Wet. Coastal ecosystem. Elsevier. Amstardam), 260p
Bunt JS (1996) Mangrove Zonation: An Examination of Data from Seventeen Riverine Estuaries in Tropical Australia. Annals of Botany 78:333–341
Bunt JS, Bunt ED (1999) Complexity and variety of zonal pattern in the mangroves of Hinchinbrook area. Notheastern Australia. Mangroves and salt marshes 3:165–176
Bunt JS, Stieglitz T (1999) Indicators of mangrove zonality: The Normanby river, N.E.Australia. Mangroves and Salt marshes 3:177–184
Bunt JS, Williams WT (1981) Vegetational relationships in the mangroves of tropical Australia. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 4:349–359
Bunt JS, Williams WT, Hunter JF, Clay HJ (1991) Mangrove sequencing: analysis of zonation in a complete river system. Marine ecology press series. 72:289–294
Chapman VJ (1975) Mangrove Biogeography. In: Walsh GE, Snedaker SC, Teas HJ (eds) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves, vol 1. Gainesville Univ, Florida, pp. 3–22
Chapman VJ (1976b) Mangrove Vegetation. J. Cramer, Valduz, 447 pp.
Chapman VJ (1976c) Coastal Vegetation. Pergamon Press, 292 pp.
Chapman VJ (1977a) Mangrove Vegetation. Cramer, Valduz
Chapman VJ (ed.) (1977b) wet coastal ecosystems. Ecosystems of the World: 1. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 428 pp.
Chapman VJ (1976a) Mangrove biogeography. In: Chapman VJ (ed) Wet Coastal Ecosystems. Elsevier Sci. Pub. Co., Amsterdam, pp. 1–29
Chasang H (1984) Structure of a mangrove forest at Ko Yao Yai, Southern Thailand. In: Soepadmo E, Rao AN, Macintosh DJ (eds) Proceedings of the Asian symposium on mangrove environment research and management. Kuala Lumpur 1980. University of Malaya and UNESCO
Chaudhuri SG, Dinesh R, Sheeja TE (2009) Physico-chemical, biochemical and microbial characteristics of soils of mangroves of the Andamans: a post-tsunami analysis. Current Science 97:98–102
Clarke KR, Gorley RN (2006) PRIMER v6: user manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E, Plymouth, p. 192
Curtis JT, Mclntosh RP (1950) The interrelationships of certain analytic and synthetic Phytosocioogical characters. Ecology 31:434–455
Dagar JC (1982) Some ecological aspects of mangrove vegetation of the Andaman and Nicoabr Islands in India. Sylvatrop Phillip.For.Res.J. 7:177–216
Dagar JC, Dagar HS (1986) Mangroves and Some coastal plants in Enthnobotany of tribals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Journal of Andaman Science Association 2:33–46
Dagar JC, Mongia AD, Bandhyopadhyay AK (1991) Mangroves of Andaman and Nicobar Islands., (Oxford and IBH, New Delhi), 166p.
Dagar JC, Sharma AK (1989) Impact of developmental activities on the litter fall and mangal formation in the Andaman’s. Paper presented in Symposium “Decelopment Vis a Vis Ecology; ITACH. Forest Department. Port Blair
Dagar JC, Singh NT (1999) Plant resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Introduction, General Features, Vegetation and Floristic Elements Vo. 1 and 2. Bishen Singh ahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Dam Roy S (1995a) Mangrove ecology of Alexandra Island and Manjeri area of South Andaman. Journal of Andaman Science Association 11:58–61
Dam Roy S (1995b) Studies on Mangrove ecology of Chouldari area, South Andaman. Journal of Andaman Science Association 11:29–33
Dam Roy S, Krishnan P, George G, Kaliyamoorthy M, Goutham Bharathi MP (2009) Mangroves of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, A field guide. Central Agricultural Research Institute. pp63.
Damroy S, Krishnan P (2005) Mangrove stands of Andamans vis-à-vis tsunami. Current Science 89:1800–1804
Das AK, Jha DK, Prashanthi Devi M, Sahu BK, Vinithkumar NV, Kirubagaran R (2014) Post tsunami mangrove evaluation in coastal vicinity of Andaman Islands. India. Journal of Coastal Conservation. DOI. doi:10.1007/s11852-014-0312-5
Dash MC, Dash SP (2009) Fundamentals of Ecology. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Pp557.
Debnath HS (2004) Mangroves of Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Taxonomy and Ecology (A community profile). Bishen singh mahendra pal singh, Dehra Dun
Duke NC (1991) A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia. Australian Systematic Botany 4:299–324
Duke NC (1992) Mangrove floristics and biogeography. In: Robertson AI, Alongi DM (eds) Tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, USA, pp. 63–100
Duke NC (2006a) Australia’s Mangroves: the Authoritative Guide to Australia’s Mangrove Plants. University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia, pp. 29–39
Duke NC (2006b) Indo-West Pacific stilt mangroves: Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, R. stylosa, R. annamalai, R. lamarckii. In: Elevitch CR (ed) Traditional trees of Pacific Islands: their culture, environment, and use: Permanent Agriculture Resources. Hawaii, Holualoa, pp. 641–660
Duke NC, Ball MC, Ellison JC (1998) Factors influencing biodiversity and distributional gradients in mangroves. Global Ecology and Biogeography 7:27–47
Duke NC, Bunt JS (1979) The genus Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) in northeastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 27:657–678
Duke NC, Jackes BR (1987) A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Sonneratia (Sonneratiaceae) in Australasia. Blumea. 32:277–302
Ellis JL (1987) Floral composition of the near shore vegetation of the Andaman’s. In: N.T. Singh, B. Gangwar, G.C. Rao and R. Soundararajan (eds.), Proc. Symp. Management of Coastal Ecosystems and Oceanic Resources of the Andamans, 24–27.
Ellison AM, Farnsworth EJ, Merkt RE (1999) Origins of mangrove ecosystems and the mangrove biodiversity anomaly. Global Ecology and Biogeography 8:95–115
Ellison AM, Fransworth EJ (2001) Mangrove communities. In: Bertness MD, Gaines S, Hay ME (eds) Marine community ecology. Sinauer Press, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA, pp. 423–442
Ellison AM, Mukherjee BB, Karim A (2000) Testing patterns of zonation in mangroves: Scale dependence and environmental correlates in the sundarbans of Bangladesh. Journal of Ecology. 88:813–824
FAO (2003) Status and trends in mangrove area extent worldwide. In: Wilkie ML, Fortuna S (eds) Forest Resources Assessment working Paper No. 63.Rome: (Forest Resources Division, FAO), 87p.
FAO (2007) The world’s Mangroves 1980–2006, FAO Forestry paper 153. Rome: (Forest resources division, FAO), 77p
Field CD (1995) Journey amongst Mangroves. Okinawa, Japan: International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems.137 pp.
FSI (2013) Status of forest report. Forest Survey of India (FSI), Dehra Dun
Giesen W, Wulffraat S, Zieren M, Scholten L (2006). Mangrove guidebook for Southeast Asia. FAO and Wetlands International, (RAP publication. Thailand)
Goutham-Bharathi MP, Kaliyamoorthy M, Dam Roy S, Krishnan P, George G, Murugan C (2012) Sonneratia ovata (Sonneratiaceae)-A New Distributional Record for India from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Taiwania 57:406–409
Goutham-Bharathi MP, Dam Roy S, Krishnan P, Kaliyamoorthy M, Immanuel T (2014) Species diversity and distribution of mangroves in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Botanica Marina 57:421–432
Hajra PK, Rao PSN, Mudgal V (1999) Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta
Hinrichs S, Nordhaus I, Geist SJ (2009) Status, diversity and distribution patterns of mangrove vegetation in the Segara Anakan lagoon, Java, Indonesia. Regional Environmental Change 9:275–289
IUCN (2011) The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2011.2. Electronic database accessible at http://www.iucnredlist.org
Jagtap TG (1992) Marine flora of Nicobar group of islands in Andaman sea. Indian Journal of Marine Science. 21:56–58
Johnstone IM (1983) Succession in zoned mangrove communities: where is the climax? In: Teas HJ (ed) Tasks for vegetation science 8. Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 131–139
Joshi HG, Ghose M (2014) Community structure, species diversity, and aboveground biomass of the Sundarbans mangrove swamps. Trop Ecol 55:283–303
Kathiresan K (2010) Importance of mangrove forest of India. Journal of Costal Environment 1:11–26
Kathiresan K (1995) Rhizophora annamalayana: a new species of mangroves. Environment and Ecology 13:240–241
Kathiresan K (2000) Mangrove and associate plant species. Flora and Fauna in mangrove ecosystems: A manual for Identification, 68–117.
Kathiresan K (2002) Manual on identification of mangroves and associate plant species. All India Co‐ordinated Project on “Survey and Inventorization of Coastal and Marine Biodiversity (East Coast), 49p.
Kathiresan K (2008) Biodiversity of Mangrove Ecosystems. Proceedings of Mangrove Workshop, GEER Foundation, Gujarat, India
Kloss (1902) The Andaman and Nicobar. Vivek publishing house. New Delhi. 373pp.
Macintosh DJ, Ashton EC, Havanon S (2002) Mangrove rehabilitation and intertidal biodiversity: a study in the Ranong mangrove ecosystem, Thailand. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 55:331–345. doi:10.1006/ecss.2001.0896
Macnae W (1966) Mangroves in eastern and southern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 14:67–104
Malik JN, Murty CVR (2005) Landscape changes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) due to Mw 9.3 tsunamigenic Sumatra earthquake of 26 December 2004. Current Science 88:1384–1386
Mall LP, Billore SK, Amritphale AD (1982) Certain ecological observation on mangroves of Andaman Islands. Tropical Ecology 23:225–233
Mall LP, Singh VP, Garge A (1991) Study of biomass, litter fall, litter decomposition and soil respiration in monogeneric mangrove and mixed mangrove forests of Andaman islands. Tropical Ecology 32:144–152
Mall LP, Singh VP, Garge A, Pathak SM (1985) A new approach towards the mangrove forests flora of Andaman Island. Indian Forester. 111:
Mall LP, Singh VP, Pathak SM, Garge A, Jat MS, Mukesh laskari (1987) Ecological studies of mangrove forest ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Final technical report. MAB project No.F 20/3/79 ENV. School studies in Botany. Vikaram University, Ujjain 456010. India.
Mandal RN, Naskar KR (2008) Diversity and classification of Indian mangroves: a review. Tropical Ecology 49:131–146
Margalef FR (1978) Information theory in ecology. Gen. Syst 3:36–71
Mathew G, Jeyabaskaran R, Prema D (2010) Mangrove ecosystem in India and their conservation. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute eprints. 191-199
Mishra PK, Sahu JR, Upadhyay VP (2003) Species diversity in Bhitarkanika Mangove ecosystem in Orissa, India. Lyonia 8:73–87
Misra R (1968) Ecology workbook. Oxford and IBH publishing company. Ltd, New Delhi
Muller-Dombois, Ellenberg H (1974) Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York
Murray MR, Zisman SA, Furley PA, Munro DM, Gibson J, Ratter J, Bridgewater S, Minty CD, Place CJ (2003) The mangroves of Belize Part 1. distribution, composition and classification. For Ecol Manage 174:265–279
Nehru P, Balasubramanian P (2011) Re-colonizing mangrove species in tsunami devastated habitats at Nicobar Islands, India. CheckList 7:253–256
Nehru P, Balasubramanian P (2012) Sonneratia ovata Backer (Lythraceae): status and distribution of a Near Threatened mangrove species in tsunami impacted mangrove habitats of Nicobar Islands, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4:3395–3400
Nehru P, Balasubramanium P (2014) Recovery rate of vegetation in the tsunami impacted littoral forest of Nicobar Islands, India. Forest Ecology and Management 313:243–253
Padalia H, Chauhan N, Porwal MC, et al (2004) Phytosociological observations on tree species diversity of Andaman Islands, India. Current Science 87:799–806
Parkinson CE (1923) A Forest Flora of the Andaman Islands. Bishen Singh and Mahendrapal Singh, Dehradun
Perera KARS, Amarasinghe MD, Somaratna S (2013) Vegetative structure and species distribution of mangroves along the soil salinity gradient in a micro tidal estuary on the Noth-Western coast of Sri Lanka. Am J Marine Sci 1:7–15
Pielou EC (1966) The measurements of diversity in different types of biological collections. J. Theor. Biol 13:131–144
Polidoro BA, Carpenter KE, Collins L, Duke NC, Ellison AM, Ellision JC, Farnsworth EJ, Fernando ES, Kathiresan K, Koedam NE, Livingstone SR, Miyagi T, Moore GE, Nam VN, Ong JE, Primavera JH, Salmo SG, Sanciangco JC, Sukardjo S, Wang Y, Yong JWH (2010) The loss of species: Mangrove extinction risk and geographic areas of global concern. PLoS ONE 5:1–10
Ragavan P, Ravichandran K, Mohan PM, Sxaena A, Prasanth RS, Jayarai RSC, Saravanan S (2014b) New distributional records of Sonneratia spp. from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Biodiversitas 15:250–259
Ragavan P, Ravichandran K, Mohan PM, Sxaena A, Prasanth RS, Jayarai RSC, Saravanan S (2015) Note on Excoecaria indica (Willd.) Muell.-Arg, 1863 (Euphorbiaceae), from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; a data deficient species. Biodiversitas 16:22–26
Ragavan P, Saxena M, Saxena A, Mohan PM, Sachithanantham V, Coomar T (2014a) Floral composition and taxonomy of mangroves of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indian journal of geo magarine science, Vol 43:1031–1044
Ramachandran S, Anitha S, Balamurugan V, Dharanirajan K, Vendhan KE, Divien MIP, Vel AS, Hussain IS, Udayaraj A (2005) Ecological impact of tsunami on Nicobar Islands (Camorta, Katchal, Nancowry and Trinkat). Current Science 89:195–200
Rao TA, Chakraborti S (1987) Distributional resume of coastal floristic elements in the Andaman and the Nicobar islands. Current Science 56:1045–1051
Rao TA, Sastry ARK (1972) An ecological approach towards classification of Coastal Vegetation of India – I. Strand vegetation. Indian Forester 98:597–607
Ray SK, Acharyya A (2007) 26 December 2004 earthquakes: coseismic vertical ground movement in the Andaman Islands. Geol Surv India Spec Publ 89:63–81
Ray SK, Acharyya A (2011) Coseismic uplift, slow plant mortality and ecological impact in North Andaman following the December 2004 (Mw > 9.2). Current Science 101:218–222
Ricklefs RE, Latham RE (1993) Global patterns of diversity in mangrove floras. Pages 215–229 in RE Ricklefs and D Schluter (eds.), Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, University of Chicago Press.
Robertson AI, Daniel PA, Dixon P (1991) Mangrove forest structures and productivity in the Fly River estuary, Papua New Guinea. Mar Biol (Berl) 111:147–155. doi:10.1007/BF01986356
Saenger P (2002) Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. 360pp.
Sahni KC (1958) Mangrove forest in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indian Forester 84:544–562
Sampath Kumar V (2005) An overview of mangroves in Andamans and its significance in maintenance of natural ecosystem. In: Proc. National seminar on Reef Ecosystem remediation: SDMRI Research Publication No.9. Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, India, pp. 200–212
Sankaran R (2005) Impact of the earthquake and the tsunami on the Nicobar Islands, pp. 10–77. In: Kaul, R. & V. Menon (eds.). The Ground Beneath The Waves: Post-tsunami Impact Assessment of Wildlife and Their Habitats in India—Vol. 2 - The Islands. Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi, 103pp
Satyanarayana B, Raman AV, Dehairs F, Kalavati C, Chandramohan P (2002) Mangrove floristics and zonation pattern of Coringa, Kakinada Bay, East coast of India. Wetl Ecol Manag 10:25–39
Sawale A, Thivakaran GA (2013) Structural Characteristics of Mangrove Forest of Kachchh, Gujarat. J Marine Biolog Assoc India 55:5–11
Shannon CE, Weiner W (1963) The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, USA
Simpson EH (1949) Measurment of diversity. Nature 163:688
Singh VP (2003) Biodiversity, community pattern and status of Indian mangroves. Desertification in the Third Millennium Proceedings of an International Conference, Dubai, Edited by Abdulrahman S. Alsharhan, Abdulrahman Fowler, Andrew S. Goudie, Eissa M Abdellatif, and Warren W. Wood Taylor & Francis 2003. 205-216.
Singh VP, Garge A (1993) Ecology of Mangrove Swamps of the Andaman Islands. International Book Distributors (Dehradun, India) 181p.
Singh VP, Garge A, Pathak SM, Mall LP (1987b) Pattern and process in mangrove forests of the Andaman Islands. Vegetation: pp185 - 188.
Singh VP, Mall LP, Garge A, Pathak SM (1986) Some ecological aspects of mangrove forest of Andaman Islands. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. pp525 - 537.
Singh VP, Mall LP, Garge A, Pathak SM (1987a) A new record of some mangrove species from Andaman and Nicobar Islands and their distribution. Indian Forestor. 113:214
Sinha BK (1999) Flora of Great Nicobar Island. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta
Sivakumar K (2007) Impact of the 2004 tsunami on the Vulnerable Nicobar megapode Megapodius nicobariensis. Oryx 44:71–78
Smith TJIII (1992) Forest structure. In: Robertson AI, Alongi DM (eds) Tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp. 101–136
Spalding M, Kainuma M, Collins L (2010) World Atlas of mangroves. ISME publication.pp 320.
Sreekumar PV, Kala N (1998) Critical Notes on Xylocarpus Koen. (Meliaceae) in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indian Forester 124:259–261
Sridhar R, Thangaradjou T, Kannan L, Ramachandran A, Jayakumar S (2006) Rapid assessment on the impact of tsunami on mangrove vegetation of the Great Nicobar Island. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 34(1):89–93
Stevens PF (2001) Angiosperm phylogeny website version 9, June 2008. Available: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/. Accessed 25 Jul 2009
Thivakaran GA, Saravanakumar A, Serebiah JS, Sunderraj W, Vijaykumar V (2003) Vegetation Structure of Kachchh Mangroves, Gujarat, Northwest Coast of India. Indian J Marine Sci 32:37–44
Thothathri K (1981) Studies on the Mangroves of Peninsular India vs. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Bull. Bot. Surv. India. 23:151–154
Tomlinson PB (1986) The botany of mangroves. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).
Utawale AG, Dwivedi SN, Singbal SYS (1973) Ecology of Mangroves in Mandovi and Zuari Estuaries and the interconnecting Cumbarja Canal of Goa. Indian J. Marine Sci. 2:47–53
Upadhyay VP, Mishra PK, Sahu JR (2007) Vegetation structure and species distribution pattern of mangroves species in Bhitarkanika Ecosystem, Orissa, India. Asian journal of water, Environmental and pollution 5(4):69–76
Upadhyay VP, Mishra PK (2014) An Ecological Analysis of Mangroves Ecosystem of Odisha on the Eastern Coast of India. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad 80:647–661
van Steenis CGGJ (1957) Outline of vegetation types in Indonesia and some adjacent regions. Proceedings of the 8th Pacific Science Congress, vol. IV: 61–97.
van Steenis CGGJ (1958) Ecology of mangroves. Introduction to account of the Rhizophoraceae by Ding Hou, Flora Malesiana, Ser. I, 5:431–441
Vannucci M (2001) What is so special about mangroves? Braz J Biol 61:599–603
Wang BS, Liang SC, Zhang WY, Zan QJ (2003) Mangrove flora of the world. Acta Bot Sin 45:644–653
Watson JG (1928) - Mangrove Forests of theMalay Peninsula.Malayan Forest RecordsNo. 6, FederatedMalay States Government, Singapore, 275 pp.
White AT, Martosubroto P, Sadorra MSM (ed.’s) (1989) The coastal environmental profile of Segara Anakan-Cilacap, South Java, Indonesia. ICLARM Technical Reports 25, 82 pp. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines
Acknowledgments
We are extremely grateful to the Department of Environment & Forests, Andaman & Nicobar Administration for providing necessary support in conducting the survey.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Annexure-1 Sites wise density and IVI
Annexure-1 Sites wise density and IVI
Chidiyatapu | Burmanallah | Beadonadad | Corbyn’ cove | Sippighat | Manjeri | Guptapara | Manglutan | Wandoor | ||||||||||
Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | |
Acanthus ebracteatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 72.22 | 24.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acanthus ilicifolius | 36.11 | 9.27 | 20.83 | 8.82 | 27.77 | 9.32 | 66.66 | 18.83 | 66.66 | 22.3 | 50 | 11.4 | 50 | 16.67 | 16.66 | 10.77 | 33.33 | 10.45 |
Acanthus volubilis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acrostichum aureum | 66.67 | 13.6 | 66.66 | 16.9 | 66.66 | 16.07 | 94.44 | 23.85 | 38.88 | 10.57 | 104.16 | 17.04 | 20.83 | 11.99 | 50 | 14.59 | 100 | 28.15 |
Acrostichum speciosum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aegiceras corniculatum | 0 | 0 | 141.66 | 29.7 | 361.11 | 44.69 | 200 | 44.78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Avicennia marina | 11.11 | 6.44 | 87.5 | 25.1 | 11.11 | 6.27 | 283.33 | 58.17 | 11.11 | 6.9 | 87.5 | 14.65 | 233.33 | 35.9 | 129.16 | 24.17 | 100 | 17.78 |
Avicennia officinalis | 5.55 | 3.48 | 12.5 | 8.22 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 12.01 | 5.55 | 3.69 | 150 | 21.28 | 50 | 13.5 | 66.66 | 14.69 | 75 | 15.53 |
Brownlowia tersa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bruguiera cylindrica | 155.6 | 20.9 | 0 | 0 | 11.11 | 6.27 | 0 | 0 | 58.33 | 12.66 | 112.5 | 18.12 | 87.5 | 17.09 | 95.83 | 20.08 | 100 | 17.79 |
Bruguiera gymnorhiza | 366.7 | 40.6 | 150 | 34.9 | 238.88 | 34.46 | 0 | 0 | 247.22 | 33.45 | 287.5 | 32.97 | 133.33 | 23.68 | 87.5 | 21.57 | 300 | 40.11 |
Bruguiera parviflora | 180.6 | 24.8 | 0 | 0 | 177.77 | 28.13 | 44.44 | 15.78 | 77.77 | 14.89 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ceriops tagal | 147.2 | 24.3 | 0 | 0 | 138.88 | 24.08 | 11.11 | 6.84 | 155.55 | 23.86 | 133.33 | 19.44 | 87.5 | 17.12 | 141.66 | 25.55 | 125 | 25.18 |
Cynometra iripa | 13.89 | 5.12 | 8.33 | 5.77 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dolichandrone spathacea | 16.67 | 5.83 | 54.16 | 14.7 | 27.77 | 9.32 | 16.66 | 9.49 | 13.88 | 5.42 | 45.83 | 9.62 | 33.33 | 11.62 | 16.66 | 7 | 25 | 8.24 |
Excoecaria agallocha | 125 | 18.1 | 87.5 | 22.1 | 94.44 | 17.59 | 33.33 | 12.6 | 52.77 | 11.17 | 141.66 | 20 | 66.66 | 14.59 | 108.33 | 21.49 | 158.33 | 28.02 |
Excoecaria indica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Heritiera littoralis | 38.88 | 8.43 | 62.5 | 17 | 27.77 | 8.2 | 5.55 | 4.18 | 16.66 | 6.31 | 29.16 | 7.31 | 16.66 | 6.57 | 25 | 7.84 | 50 | 11.43 |
Lumnitzera littorea | 69.44 | 12.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 87.5 | 14.83 | 75 | 15.81 | 58.33 | 14.46 | 0 | 0 |
Lumnitzera racemosa | 0 | 0 | 62.5 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nypha fruticans | 0 | 0 | 12.5 | 8.22 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 9.49 | 94.44 | 16.96 | 16.66 | 6.39 | 16.66 | 9.74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pemphis acidula | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22.22 | 12.14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Phoenix paludosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora apiculata | 247.22 | 31.8 | 129.16 | 31.7 | 172.22 | 27.63 | 88.88 | 23.06 | 313.88 | 39.17 | 370.83 | 39.63 | 329.16 | 45.43 | 287.5 | 42.39 | 316.66 | 42.44 |
Rhizophora mucronata | 66.66 | 12.9 | 58.33 | 15.6 | 44.44 | 11.57 | 44.44 | 14.48 | 44.44 | 10.91 | 129.16 | 19.06 | 79.16 | 16.07 | 62.5 | 14.06 | 66.66 | 13.52 |
Rhizophora stylosa | 52.77 | 10.2 | 33.33 | 10.7 | 22.22 | 7.8 | 11.11 | 6.24 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 10.6 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 9.84 | 33.33 | 8.69 |
Rhizophora x annamalayana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 6.39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x lamarckii | 5.55 | 2.68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scyphipora hydrophyllacea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 72.22 | 14.63 | 0 | 0 | 136.11 | 23.21 | 50 | 10.6 | 129.16 | 24.15 | 50 | 14.59 | 41.66 | 10.06 |
Sonneratia alba | 180.56 | 29.6 | 33.33 | 10.7 | 27.77 | 9.32 | 44.44 | 14.4 | 38.88 | 8.89 | 33.33 | 7.91 | 0 | 0 | 37.5 | 10.1 | 25 | 8.24 |
Sonneratia caeseolaris | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia griffithii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia gulngai | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia lanceolata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia ovata | 41.66 | 10.5 | 50 | 14.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20.83 | 13.3 | 16.66 | 6.03 |
Sonneratia urama | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Xylocarpus granatum | 47.22 | 9.45 | 20.83 | 8.82 | 150 | 24.66 | 38.88 | 13.25 | 150 | 25.5 | 75 | 13.13 | 87.5 | 20.05 | 58.33 | 13.43 | 25 | 8.24 |
Xylocarpus moluccensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1875 | 0 | 1091.6 | 1672.22 | 1055.55 | 1594.44 | 1970.83 | 1495.83 | 1337.5 | 1591.66 | |||||||||
ᅟ
Ograbraj | Bambooflat | Wright Myo creek | Shoal Bay creek | Jirkatang | Tirur | Middle Strait | Wrafter’s Creek | Baludera | ||||||||||
Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | |
Acanthus ebracteatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.77 | 1.63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acanthus ilicifolius | 16.66 | 9.18 | 38.88 | 11.96 | 16.66 | 7.14 | 11.11 | 5.11 | 50 | 7.67 | 66.66 | 13.54 | 33.33 | 10.19 | 33.33 | 8.58 | 66.66 | 20.26 |
Acanthus volubilis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52.77 | 22.54 | 100 | 16.91 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acrostichum aureum | 16.66 | 9.18 | 50 | 10.7 | 75 | 29.41 | 11.11 | 5.11 | 150 | 24.7 | 100 | 24.14 | 50 | 11.61 | 58.33 | 12.09 | 116.66 | 34.57 |
Acrostichum speciosum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 13.5 | 44.44 | 9.12 | 66.66 | 9.91 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aegiceras corniculatum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Avicennia marina | 88.88 | 18.98 | 105.55 | 16.15 | 50 | 12.91 | 50 | 10.08 | 79.16 | 11.4 | 75 | 14.61 | 33.33 | 7.51 | 58.33 | 13.73 | 0 | 0 |
Avicennia officinalis | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 8.3 | 0 | 0 | 13.88 | 3.87 | 0 | 0 | 120.83 | 18.14 | 11.11 | 6.01 | 33.33 | 10.54 | 0 | 0 |
Brownlowia tersa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bruguiera cylindrica | 116.66 | 23.17 | 186.11 | 24.81 | 129.16 | 23.15 | 97.22 | 17.38 | 170.83 | 20.16 | 187.5 | 26.4 | 100 | 15.19 | 186.11 | 24.56 | 100 | 16.91 |
Bruguiera gymnorhiza | 188.88 | 32.25 | 222.22 | 27.78 | 120.83 | 25.57 | 155.66 | 19.92 | 245.83 | 26.03 | 79.16 | 13.47 | 188.88 | 25.54 | 211.11 | 29.61 | 433.33 | 52.18 |
Bruguiera parviflora | 66.66 | 16.57 | 94.44 | 15.43 | 50 | 11.12 | 47.22 | 8.35 | 79.16 | 10.39 | 50 | 10.7 | 33.33 | 8.24 | 52.77 | 10.53 | 0 | 0 |
Ceriops tagal | 172.22 | 30.89 | 158.33 | 21.78 | 112.5 | 19.91 | 169.44 | 20.90 | 220.83 | 25.12 | 87.5 | 15.72 | 127.77 | 20.98 | 188.88 | 26.36 | 161.11 | 30.92 |
Cynometra iripa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 5.34 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 5.1 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 8.24 | 11.11 | 6.23 | 0 | 0 |
Dolichandrone spathacea | 16.66 | 9.18 | 33.33 | 8.99 | 12.5 | 5.55 | 11.11 | 5.11 | 37.5 | 7.16 | 16.66 | 7.32 | 22.22 | 7.12 | 8.33 | 4.81 | 27.77 | 7.17 |
Excoecaria agallocha | 94.44 | 20.04 | 155.55 | 21.31 | 66.66 | 14.04 | 102.78 | 14.85 | 133.33 | 17.91 | 95.83 | 16.54 | 100 | 17.32 | 63.88 | 11.63 | 100 | 17.55 |
Excoecaria indica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Heritiera littoralis | 11.11 | 6.46 | 33.33 | 7.97 | 12.5 | 5.55 | 8.33 | 3.95 | 12.5 | 3.99 | 25 | 7.12 | 5.55 | 3.25 | 8.33 | 4.81 | 16.66 | 5.94 |
Lumnitzera littorea | 66.66 | 15.66 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 6.73 | 44.44 | 8.23 | 75 | 10.01 | 0 | 0 | 77.77 | 17.23 | 94.44 | 15.73 | 66.66 | 12.6 |
Lumnitzera racemosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nypha fruticans | 11.11 | 6.46 | 44.44 | 18.04 | 0 | 0 | 8.33 | 3.95 | 62.5 | 17.32 | 45.83 | 11.85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pemphis acidula | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Phoenix paludosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 7.24 | 50 | 8.44 | 16.66 | 5.1 | 66.66 | 13.54 | 33.33 | 17.04 | 33.33 | 8.58 | 27.77 | 9.12 |
Rhizophora apiculata | 272.22 | 42.36 | 402.77 | 42.26 | 287.5 | 41.48 | 458.33 | 43.47 | 312.5 | 31.3 | 287.5 | 35.51 | 433.33 | 45.05 | 372.22 | 41.61 | 311.11 | 43.1 |
Rhizophora mucronata | 88.88 | 19.35 | 105.55 | 17.68 | 79.16 | 19.09 | 119.44 | 16.71 | 75 | 10.12 | 58.33 | 13.13 | 219.44 | 26.2 | 155.55 | 22.02 | 83.33 | 16 |
Rhizophora stylosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x annamalayana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.55 | 2.79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x lamarckii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scyphipora hydrophyllacea | 66.66 | 15.91 | 94.44 | 15.58 | 58.33 | 12.73 | 94.44 | 14.54 | 87.5 | 11.35 | 70.83 | 13.28 | 80.55 | 16.6 | 52.77 | 10.3 | 33.33 | 10.71 |
Sonneratia alba | 38.88 | 11.32 | 63.88 | 13.27 | 58.33 | 12.58 | 133.33 | 16.42 | 75 | 11.19 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 16.26 | 94.44 | 15.57 | 22.22 | 7.53 |
Sonneratia caeseolaris | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia griffithii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia gulngai | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia lanceolata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia ovata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 69.44 | 13.46 | 0 | 0 | 150 | 21.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia urama | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Xylocarpus granatum | 38.88 | 12.98 | 113.88 | 17.92 | 150 | 26.88 | 197.22 | 24.08 | 150 | 17.07 | 145.33 | 23.65 | 119.44 | 20.35 | 77.77 | 13.3 | 66.66 | 12.6 |
Xylocarpus moluccensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44.44 | 9.3 | 5.55 | 2.76 |
1372.22 | 1936.11 | 1379.16 | 1958.33 | 2216.66 | 1729.16 | 1802.77 | 1839.88 | 1638.88 | ||||||||||
ᅟ
Kadamtala | Yerrata creek | Shyamkund creek | Dhaninallah | Rangat Bay | Panchawati | Austin creek | Mohanpur creek | Karmatang Creek | ||||||||||
Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | |
Acanthus ebracteatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acanthus ilicifolius | 33.33 | 8.42 | 19.44 | 6.9 | 113.88 | 15.61 | 36.11 | 9.05 | 20.83 | 11.02 | 33.33 | 16.13 | 100 | 16.79 | 38.88 | 7.82 | 44.44 | 8.36 |
Acanthus volubilis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acrostichum aureum | 58.33 | 23.92 | 52.77 | 10.8 | 33.33 | 6.61 | 94.44 | 12.3 | 66.66 | 15.07 | 91.66 | 39.37 | 63.88 | 11.65 | 58.33 | 10.04 | 66.66 | 10.95 |
Acrostichum speciosum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aegiceras corniculatum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52.77 | 8.87 | 63.88 | 8.97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38.88 | 8.66 | 33.33 | 7.23 |
Avicennia marina | 72.22 | 13.29 | 94.44 | 11.27 | 94.44 | 13.1 | 94.44 | 11.88 | 370.83 | 50.07 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 8.9 | 69.44 | 11.04 | 16.67 | 4.83 |
Avicennia officinalis | 80.55 | 11.13 | 50 | 7.35 | 125 | 15.57 | 127.77 | 14.31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58.33 | 11.1 | 50 | 9.50 | 25.00 | 6.66 |
Brownlowia tersa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66.66 | 13.57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bruguiera cylindrica | 155.55 | 18.85 | 211.11 | 21.74 | 52.77 | 9.7 | 125 | 14.04 | 75 | 15.86 | 0 | 0 | 125 | 18.25 | 155.55 | 18.70 | 94.44 | 17.18 |
Bruguiera gymnorhiza | 216.66 | 25.39 | 202.77 | 24.19 | 180.55 | 23.63 | 219.44 | 22.88 | 70.83 | 15.87 | 0 | 0 | 272.22 | 31.50997 | 216.66 | 27.32 | 213.89 | 30.68 |
Bruguiera parviflora | 52.77 | 8.57 | 52.77 | 8.744 | 52.77 | 9.08 | 38.88 | 7.69 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36.11 | 8.460882 | 50 | 9.65 | 97.22 | 15.82 |
Ceriops tagal | 211.11 | 22.19 | 241.66 | 24.46 | 211.11 | 23.35 | 155.55 | 18.02 | 187.5 | 32.84 | 41.66 | 19.45 | 150 | 19.98019 | 186.11 | 21.79 | 125.00 | 22.46 |
Cynometra iripa | 11.11 | 4.95 | 44.44 | 6.79 | 11.11 | 5.56 | 16.66 | 4.62 | 16.66 | 6.46 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 6.461563 | 11.11 | 5.58 | 33.33 | 7.28 |
Dolichandrone spathacea | 8.33 | 3.83 | 33.33 | 6.02 | 50 | 8.52 | 94.44 | 11.6 | 12.5 | 6.99 | 116.66 | 32.68 | 8.33 | 5.213943 | 33.33 | 9.43 | 8.33 | 3.77 |
Excoecaria agallocha | 108.33 | 15.1 | 105.55 | 14.02 | 119.44 | 15.73 | 186.44 | 19.14 | 70.83 | 15.21 | 0 | 0 | 119.44 | 17.0899 | 155.55 | 20.81 | 63.89 | 12.34 |
Excoecaria indica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 283.33 | 65.98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Heritiera littoralis | 8.33 | 3.83 | 5.55 | 2.3 | 13.88 | 4.43 | 19.44 | 5.25 | 12.5 | 6.99 | 141.66 | 50.74 | 8.33 | 5.213943 | 11.11 | 5.58 | 8.33 | 3.77 |
Lumnitzera littorea | 180.55 | 19.93 | 119.44 | 13.68 | 125 | 15.81 | 44.44 | 7.65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66.66 | 12.73049 | 94.44 | 13.52 | 94.44 | 21.92 |
Lumnitzera racemosa | 0 | 0 | 119.44 | 23.29 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 7.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 127.78 | 20.06 |
Nypha fruticans | 0 | 0 | 8.33 | 3.22 | 0 | 0 | 94.44 | 14.39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.33 | 3.77 |
Pemphis acidula | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.88 | 6.86 | 0 | 0 |
Phoenix paludosa | 33.33 | 8.42 | 33.33 | 7.16 | 63.88 | 10.09 | 58.33 | 8.55 | 50 | 15.59 | 0 | 0 | 11.11 | 6.788333 | 33.33 | 7.64 | 19.44 | 5.44 |
Rhizophora apiculata | 469.44 | 40.68 | 344.44 | 30.76 | 402.77 | 36.9 | 438.88 | 35.7 | 325 | 46.12 | 50 | 22.77 | 352.77 | 37.97878 | 344.44 | 34.52 | 308.33 | 36.81 |
Rhizophora mucronata | 211.11 | 22.71 | 108.33 | 14.37 | 94.44 | 13.38 | 125 | 15.32 | 70.83 | 15.45 | 0 | 0 | 180.55 | 24.54366 | 155.55 | 19.85 | 105.56 | 17.13 |
Rhizophora stylosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x annamalayana | 38.88 | 7.83 | 33.33 | 11.49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 10.96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x lamarckii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scyphipora hydrophyllacea | 100 | 13.1 | 94.44 | 11.39 | 44.44 | 7.81 | 47.22 | 8.03 | 50 | 12.26 | 0 | 0 | 63.88 | 11.89 | 66.66 | 10.71 | 94.44 | 16.71 |
Sonneratia alba | 50 | 8.21 | 80.55 | 10.96 | 155.55 | 17.97 | 19.44 | 5.25 | 100 | 20.71 | 16.66 | 9.49 | 50 | 10.96 | 125 | 16.79 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia caeseolaris | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia griffithii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 150 | 19.6 | 0 | 0 | 116.66 | 33.86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia gulngai | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia lanceolata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia ovata | 2.77 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia urama | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Xylocarpus granatum | 136.11 | 17.95 | 108.33 | 14.73 | 177.77 | 20.8 | 94.44 | 13.41 | 58.33 | 13.39 | 16.66 | 9.49 | 186.11 | 23.61 | 125 | 17.36 | 125.00 | 21.41 |
Xylocarpus mekongensis | 0 | 0 | 125 | 13.77 | 11.11 | 3.74 | 22.22 | 4.93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 6.82 | 22.22 | 5.42 | |
2238.88 | 2288.88 | 2252.77 | 2383.33 | 1558.33 | 908.33 | 1961.11 | 2066.66 | 1736.11 | ||||||||||
ᅟ
Chainpur creek | Rampur | Danapur | Tugapur | Parangara creek | Kishorinagar | Kalighat | Smith Island | Arial bay | ||||||||||
Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | |
Acanthus ebracteatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acanthus ilicifolius | 16.66 | 6.45 | 33.33 | 11.21 | 16.66 | 4.83 | 150.00 | 15.63 | 58.33 | 11.40 | 36.11 | 9.71 | 119.44 | 16.52 | 30.55 | 10.14 | 16.66 | 7.05 |
Acanthus volubilis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acrostichum aureum | 66.66 | 14.60 | 66.66 | 14.13 | 155.55 | 19.41 | 233.33 | 20.67 | 38.88 | 9.42 | 136.11 | 21.53 | 94.44 | 15.43 | 63.88 | 20.23 | 50.00 | 12.43 |
Acrostichum speciosum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aegiceras corniculatum | 75.00 | 13.37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38.88 | 8.15 | 47.22 | 9.61 | 0 | 0 |
Avicennia marina | 91.66 | 13.70 | 100.00 | 17.05 | 197.22 | 14.31 | 150.00 | 16.21 | 58.33 | 11.00 | 97.22 | 17.07 | 63.88 | 10.53 | 63.88 | 10.71 | 87.50 | 15.29 |
Avicennia officinalis | 0 | 0 | 50.00 | 10.04 | 105.55 | 24.42 | 183.33 | 17.44 | 33.33 | 12.09 | 116.66 | 19.13 | 110.00 | 14.37 | 94.44 | 13.84 | 50.00 | 10.65 |
Brownlowia tersa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 8.47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bruguiera cylindrica | 150.00 | 19.21 | 113.88 | 21.00 | 183.33 | 21.87 | 316.66 | 25.84 | 141.66 | 19.79 | 47.22 | 10.74 | 97.22 | 14.14 | 125.00 | 17.59 | 233.33 | 29.35 |
Bruguiera gymnorhiza | 287.50 | 32.58 | 197.22 | 27.84 | 100.00 | 14.90 | 275.00 | 24.81 | 336.11 | 38.58 | 219.44 | 29.71 | 258.33 | 27.56 | 213.88 | 24.46 | 279.16 | 35.55 |
Bruguiera parviflora | 54.16 | 9.76 | 100 | 17.58 | 33.33 | 8.42 | 58.33 | 12.07 | 94.44 | 15.05 | 58.33 | 12.12 | 63.88 | 10.95 | 63.88 | 11.18 | 0 | 0 |
Ceriops tagal | 150.00 | 21.49 | 211.11 | 27.01 | 183.33 | 25.23 | 150.00 | 17.22 | 213.88 | 27.01 | 205.56 | 28.72 | 161.11 | 20.03 | 247.22 | 27.36 | 150.00 | 23.78 |
Cynometra iripa | 12.50 | 5.03 | 16.66 | 6.11 | 11.11 | 4.84 | 29.18 | 5.33 | 38.88 | 9.43 | 30.56 | 8.13 | 38.88 | 7.86 | 58.33 | 10.99 | 16.66 | 7.05 |
Dolichandrone spathacea | 12.50 | 5.03 | 11.11 | 6.67 | 8.33 | 3.78 | 45.83 | 7.88 | 25.00 | 7.44 | 44.44 | 10.22 | 58.33 | 10.27 | 11.11 | 6.63 | 79.16 | 13.75 |
Excoecaria agallocha | 150.00 | 20.47 | 100.00 | 15.80 | 66.67 | 10.89 | 108.33 | 14.57 | 119.44 | 17.92 | 58.33 | 12.66 | 158.33 | 19.34 | 105.55 | 14.94 | 50.00 | 10.65 |
Excoecaria indica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Heritiera littoralis | 16.66 | 6.46 | 16.66 | 6.11 | 11.11 | 4.84 | 16.66 | 6.21 | 38.88 | 9.42 | 33.33 | 8.78 | 33.33 | 7.06 | 33.33 | 7.63 | 8.33 | 3.95 |
Lumnitzera littorea | 100.00 | 17.06 | 105.55 | 16.37 | 122.22 | 16.67 | 150.00 | 19.02 | 0 | 0 | 52.78 | 13.18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66.66 | 16.01 |
Lumnitzera racemosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nypha fruticans | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pemphis acidula | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Phoenix paludosa | 16.66 | 6.46 | 33.33 | 11.21 | 33.33 | 8.42 | 50.00 | 10.49 | 33.33 | 12.09 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 14.51 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 7.05 |
Rhizophora apiculata | 370.83 | 38.65 | 211.11 | 27.69 | 213.89 | 29.72 | 325.00 | 29.76 | 330.55 | 38.48 | 161.11 | 24.03 | 330.55 | 33.16 | 352.77 | 36.04 | 329.16 | 41.57 |
Rhizophora mucronata | 75.00 | 14.25 | 100.00 | 17.58 | 100.00 | 14.14 | 91.66 | 11.80 | 100.00 | 15.96 | 294.44 | 36.67 | 136.11 | 18.31 | 208.33 | 24.16 | 79.16 | 16.12 |
Rhizophora stylosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38.89 | 9.62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x annamalayana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x lamarckii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scyphipora hydrophyllacea | 50.00 | 9.69 | 122.22 | 18.12 | 122.22 | 16.29 | 150.00 | 15.28 | 30.55 | 7.33 | 30.55 | 9.11 | 30.55 | 7.87 | 58.33 | 12.82 | 16.66 | 7.05 |
Sonneratia alba | 100.00 | 15.41 | 58.33 | 12.61 | 88.89 | 20.41 | 87.50 | 10.60 | 0 | 0 | 58.33 | 12.49 | 0 | 0 | 80.55 | 15.18 | 91.66 | 17.82 |
Sonneratia caeseolaris | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia griffithii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58.33 | 10.98 | 0 | 0 | 58.33 | 11.24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia gulngai | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia lanceolata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia ovata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia urama | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Xylocarpus granatum | 150.00 | 23.88 | 100.00 | 15.80 | 58.33 | 11.52 | 120.83 | 15.28 | 100.00 | 16.97 | 88.88 | 16.02 | 155.55 | 19.25 | 180.55 | 23.86 | 129.16 | 24.91 |
Xylocarpus moluccensis | 25.00 | 6.44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 10.60 | 47.22 | 9.61 | 0 | 0 | 11.11 | 4.89 | 5.55 | 2.56 | 0 | 0 |
1970.83 | 1747.22 | 1950 | 2708 | 1897.22 | 1769.44 | 2091 | 2044.44 | 1750 | ||||||||||
ᅟ
Radhanagar 1 | Lakshmipur | Durgapur | Ramnagar | Govindnagar | Radhanagar 2 | Neil Island | V.K.Pur Creek | |||||||||
Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | |
Acanthus ebracteatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acanthus ilicifolius | 200.00 | 29.84 | 200.00 | 27.17 | 25.00 | 9.84 | 58.33 | 13.20 | 22.22 | 9.57 | 16.66 | 12.28 | 11.11 | 9.77 | 50 | 8.7 |
Acanthus volubilis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acrostichum aureum | 322.22 | 42.89 | 322.22 | 39.25 | 91.66 | 30.18 | 100 | 19.00 | 27.77 | 8.47 | 33.33 | 17.92 | 27.77 | 22.19 | 100 | 31.67 |
Acrostichum speciosum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aegiceras corniculatum | 22.22 | 10.09 | 22.22 | 8.47 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 8.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Avicennia marina | 100.00 | 19.02 | 100.00 | 17.31 | 100.00 | 20.92 | 33.33 | 9.09 | 16.66 | 7.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95.83 | 13.98 |
Avicennia officinalis | 116.66 | 21.89 | 116.66 | 20.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 8.7 |
Brownlowia tersa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bruguiera cylindrica | 338.88 | 41.89 | 338.88 | 37.88 | 0 | 0 | 91.66 | 17.78 | 38.88 | 10.99 | 25 | 16.95 | 0 | 0 | 116.66 | 17.32 |
Bruguiera gymnorhiza | 100.00 | 18.05 | 100.00 | 16.25 | 91.66 | 25.99 | 225 | 36.43 | 33.33 | 9.9 | 108.33 | 44.32 | 33.33 | 18.63 | 191.66 | 23.10 |
Bruguiera parviflora | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 258.33 | 34.26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 8.25 |
Ceriops tagal | 22.22 | 10.09 | 22.22 | 8.47 | 33.33 | 12.39 | 100 | 20.32 | 100 | 19.29 | 58.33 | 26.02 | 22.22 | 18.05 | 233.33 | 23.79 |
Cynometra iripa | 0 | 0 | 22.22 | 8.47 | 8.33 | 4.76 | 16.66 | 6.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58.33 | 9.19 |
Dolichandrone spathacea | 16.66 | 7.83 | 16.66 | 6.60 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 9.03 | 11.11 | 5.32 | 8.33 | 7.61 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 10.24 |
Excoecaria agallocha | 61.11 | 13.00 | 61.11 | 11.63 | 91.66 | 19.58 | 133.33 | 23.01 | 16.66 | 7.45 | 25 | 16.95 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 14.73 |
Excoecaria indica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Heritiera littoralis | 22.22 | 10.09 | 22.22 | 8.47 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 6.50 | 44.44 | 12.01 | 16.66 | 12.28 | 61.11 | 28.4 | 75 | 12.49 |
Lumnitzera littorea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 188.89 | 36.36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lumnitzera racemosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nypha fruticans | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 6.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 13.91 |
Pemphis acidula | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 7.30 | 0 | 0 | 22.22 | 9.57 | 0 | 0 | 22.22 | 18.05 | 0 | 0 |
Phoenix paludosa | 116.66 | 21.09 | 116.66 | 18.43 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 11.56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 108.33 | 14.08 |
Rhizophora apiculata | 100.00 | 17.84 | 100.00 | 15.95 | 508.33 | 64.63 | 150 | 26.23 | 361.11 | 5.38 | 158.33 | 57.08 | 105.55 | 44.84 | 329.16 | 31.75 |
Rhizophora mucronata | 133.33 | 21.70 | 133.33 | 19.31 | 633.33 | 75.07 | 33.33 | 11.56 | 166.66 | 30.9 | 91.66 | 40.67 | 16.66 | 13.91 | 79.16 | 11.27 |
Rhizophora stylosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 19.23 | 0 | 0 | 155.55 | 54.77 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x annamalayana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 14.23 | 0 | 0 | 5.55 | 5.63 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x lamarckii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 6.18 | 0 | 0 | 105.55 | 36.33 | 0 | 0 |
Scyphipora hydrophyllacea | 0 | 0 | 66.66 | 12.80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.88 | 17.34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia alba | 0 | 0 | 44.44 | 10.64 | 66.66 | 16.91 | 16.66 | 6.50 | 66.66 | 17.73 | 0 | 0 | 38.88 | 18.3 | 66.66 | 10.95 |
Sonneratia caeseolaris | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 116.66 | 14.54 |
Sonneratia griffithii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 6.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.16 | 1.94 |
Sonneratia gulngai | 00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia lanceolata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia ovata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 30.95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia urama | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Xylocarpus granatum | 66.66 | 14.74 | 66.66 | 12.80 | 33.33 | 12.39 | 66.66 | 14.92 | 16.66 | 5.95 | 25 | 16.95 | 11.11 | 9.77 | 133.33 | 19.43 |
Xylocarpus moluccensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 13.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1738.88 | 1872.22 | 1700 | 1466 | 1388.89 | 616.66 | 616.66 | 2108.33 | |||||||||
ᅟ
Jackson creek | Dugong creek | Car Nicobar | Kamorta | Katchal | Campbell Bay | Trinket Island | ||||||||
Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | Den/ha | IVI | |
Acanthus ebracteatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.33 | 7.17 | 0 | 0 |
Acanthus ilicifolius | 50 | 9.22 | 22.22 | 8.32 | 11.11 | 10.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acanthus volubilis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acrostichum aureum | 100 | 33.72 | 88.88 | 19.28 | 16.66 | 15.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 62.5 | 21.43 | 0 | 0 |
Acrostichum speciosum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aegiceras corniculatum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Avicennia marina | 95.83 | 14.74 | 88.88 | 16.44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Avicennia officinalis | 50 | 9.22 | 44.44 | 10.74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Brownlowia tersa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bruguiera cylindrica | 116.66 | 18.25 | 100 | 18.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bruguiera gymnorhiza | 191.66 | 24.36 | 311.11 | 40.42 | 177.77 | 49.2 | 175 | 54.67 | 116.66 | 62.07 | 50 | 19.42 | 150 | 50.38 |
Bruguiera parviflora | 50 | 8.73 | 27.77 | 7.53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ceriops tagal | 233.33 | 25.16 | 127.77 | 22.74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 11.95 | 25 | 15.73 |
Cynometra iripa | 58.33 | 9.74 | 22.22 | 8.32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dolichandrone spathacea | 50 | 10.88 | 22.22 | 8.32 | 0 | 0 | 41.66 | 20.23 | 8.33 | 11.89 | 58.33 | 21.08 | 33.33 | 17.06 |
Excoecaria agallocha | 100 | 15.52 | 88.88 | 19.28 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 12.58 | 0 | 0 | 8.33 | 7.17 | 25 | 15.73 |
Excoecaria indica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 9.49 | 0 | 0 |
Heritiera littoralis | 75 | 13.16 | 16.66 | 6.51 | 11.11 | 10.5 | 0 | 0 | 16.66 | 16.38 | 54.16 | 19.65 | 0 | 0 |
Lumnitzera littorea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 83.33 | 27.92 | 58.33 | 24.04 | 12.5 | 16.45 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 22.26 |
Lumnitzera racemosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 18.24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 19.87 |
Nypha fruticans | 100 | 14.75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 91.66 | 37.66 | 25 | 20.86 | 66.66 | 24.74 | 100 | 35.05 |
Pemphis acidula | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Phoenix paludosa | 108.33 | 14.92 | 100 | 16.96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora apiculata | 329.16 | 33.55 | 311.11 | 40.42 | 200 | 52.58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 19.57 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora mucronata | 79.16 | 11.91 | 100 | 16.73 | 288.88 | 66.13 | 200 | 58.81 | 175 | 79.23 | 12.5 | 10.09 | 200 | 61.42 |
Rhizophora stylosa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 30.94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x annamalayana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22.22 | 12.14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhizophora x lamarckii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scyphipora hydrophyllacea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia alba | 66.66 | 11.62 | 66.66 | 12.77 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 34.51 | 16.66 | 21.01 | 0 | 0 | 33.33 | 19.87 |
Sonneratia caeseolaris | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 55.47 | 50 | 32.47 | 75 | 27.53 | 133.33 | 42.64 |
Sonneratia griffithii | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia gulngai | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 24.09 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia lanceolata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 233.33 | 54.29 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia ovata | 0 | 0 | 00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66.66 | 39.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneratia urama | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66.66 | 22.26 | 0 | 0 |
Xylocarpus granatum | 133.33 | 20.47 | 150 | 27.11 | 0 | 00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Xylocarpus moluccensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1987 | 1688 | 950 | 883 | 487.5 | 862.5 | 783.33 | ||||||||
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ragavan, P., Saxena, A., Mohan, P.M. et al. Diversity, distribution and vegetative structure of mangroves of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. J Coast Conserv 19, 417–443 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-015-0398-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-015-0398-4