Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Review of Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Made by Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing Using Powder Feedstock

  • Published:
JOM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) of metals using powder feedstock can be accomplished via two broadly defined technologies: directed energy deposition (DED) and powder bed fusion (PBF). In these processes, metallic powder is delivered to a location and locally melted with a laser heat source. Upon deposition, the material undergoes a rapid cooling and solidification, and as subsequent layers are added to the component, the material within the component is subjected to rapid thermal cycles. In order to adopt AM for the building of structural components, a thorough understanding of the relationships among the complex thermal cycles seen in AM, the unique heterogeneous and anisotropic microstructure, and the mechanical properties must be developed. Researchers have fabricated components by both DED and PBF from the widely used titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and studied the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties. This review article discusses the progress to date on investigating the as-deposited and heat-treated microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V structures made by powder-based laser AM using DED and PBF.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. G. Lutjering and J.C. Williams, Titanium, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Springer, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  2. M.J. Donachie, Titanium: A Technical Guide, 2nd ed. (Materials Park: ASM International, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  3. ASTM F2921-11, Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing—Coordinate Systems and Test (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2011).

  4. E.W. Kreutz, G. Backes, A. Gasser, and K. Wissenbach, Appl. Surf. Sci. 86, 310 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. G.K. Lewis, Mater. Techol. 10, 3 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. M.L. Griffith, D.M. Keicher, C.L. Atwood, J.A. Romero, J.E. Smugeresky, L.D. Harwell, and D. L. Greene, Proceedings of 7th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (Austin, August 12–14, 1996), p. 53.

  7. D.M. Keicher and W.D. Miller, Met. Powder Rep. 53, 26 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  8. N.P. Karapatis, J.P.S. Van Griethuysen, and R. Glardon, Rapid Prototyp. J. 4, 77 (1998).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. W. Carter and M. Jones, Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (1993), p. 51.

  10. M. Agarwala, D. Bourell, J. Beaman, H. Marcus, and J. Barlow, Rapid Prototyp. J. 1, 26 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Das, M. Wohlert, J.J. Beaman, and D.L. Bourell, Mater. Des. 20, 115 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. F. Abe, K. Osakada, M. Shiomi, K. Uematsu, and M. Matsumoto, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 111, 210 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. D.D. Gu, W. Meiners, K. Wissenbach, and R. Poprawe, Int. Mater. Rev. 57, 133 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. P.A. Kobryn and S.L. Semiatin, Proceedings of 12th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (Austin, 2001), p. 179.

  15. X. Wu, J. Liang, J. Mei, C. Mitchell, P.S. Goodwin, and W. Voice, Mater. Des. 25, 137 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. L. Qian, J. Mei, J. Liang, and X. Wu, Mater. Sci. Technol. 21, 597 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. B. Yao, X.-L. Ma, F. Lin, and W.-J. Ge, Rare Met. 34, 445 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. G.P. Dinda, L. Song, and J. Mazumder, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 39, 2914 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. B.E. Carroll, T.A. Palmer, and A.M. Beese, Acta Mater. 87, 309 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. L. Thijs, F. Verhaeghe, T. Craeghs, J. Van Humbeeck, and J.P. Kruth, Acta Mater. 58, 3303 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. P. Edwards and M. Ramulu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 598, 327 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Mertens, S. Reginster, H. Paydas, Q. Contrepois, T. Dormal, O. Lemaire, and J. Lecomte-Beckers, Powder Metall. 57, 184 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. C. Qiu, N.J.E. Adkins, and M.M. Attallah, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 578, 230 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. H.K. Rafi, N.V. Karthik, H. Gong, T.L. Starr, and B.E. Stucker, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 22, 3872 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. L. Facchini, E. Magalini, P. Robotti, A. Molinari, S. Höges, and K. Wissenbach, Rapid Prototyp. J. 16, 450 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. D.A. Hollander, M. Von Walter, T. Wirtz, R. Sellei, B. Schmidt-Rohlfing, O. Paar, and H.J. Erli, Biomaterials 27, 955 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. W. Xu, M. Brandt, S. Sun, J. Elambasseril, Q. Liu, K. Latham, K. Xia, and M. Qian, Acta Mater. 85, 74 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. W. Xu, S. Sun, J. Elambasseril, Q. Liu, M. Brandt, and M. Qian, JOM 67, 1 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. B. Vandenbroucke and J.-P. Kruth, Rapid Prototyp. J. 13, 196 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Koike, P. Greer, K. Owen, G. Lilly, L.E. Murr, S.M. Gaytan, E. Martinez, and T. Okabe, Materials (Basel). 4, 1776 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. L.E. Murr, S.A. Quinones, S.M. Gaytan, M.I. Lopez, A. Rodela, E.Y. Martinez, D.H. Hernandez, E. Martinez, F. Medina, and R.B. Wicker, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2, 20 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. S. Leuders, M. Thöne, A. Riemer, T. Niendorf, T. Tröster, H.A. Richard, and H.J. Maier, Int. J. Fatigue 48, 300 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. G. Kasperovich and J. Hausmann, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 220, 202 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. I. Yadroitsev, P. Krakhmalev, and I. Yadroitsava, J. Alloys Compd. 583, 404 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Simonelli, Y.Y. Tse, and C. Tuck, J. Phys. 371, 1 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  36. H. Gong, K. Rafi, H. Gu, T. Starr, and B. Stucker, Addit. Manuf. 1–4, 87 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. S.M. Kelly and S.L. Kampe, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 35, 1861 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. S.M. Kelly and S.L. Kampe, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 35, 1869 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. S. Zhang, X. Lin, J. Chen, and W. Huang, Rare Met. 28, 537 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. P.A. Kobryn, E.H. Moore, and S.L. Semiatin, Scr. Mater. 43, 299 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. E. Amsterdam and G. Kool, 25th ICAF (International Committee on Aeronautical Fatigue) Symposium (Rotterdam, May 27–29, 2009), pp. 1261–1274.

  42. X.D. Zhang, H. Zhang, R.J. Grylls, T.J. Lienert, C. Brice, H.L. Fraser, D.M. Keicher, and M.E. Schlienger, J. Adv. Mater. 33, 17 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  43. D. Clark, M.T. Whittaker, and M.R. Bache, Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci. 43, 388 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Y. Zhai, H. Galarraga, and D.A. Lados, Procedia Eng. 114, 658 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. R. Cottam and M. Brandt, Phys. Procedia 12, 323 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. F.G. Arcella and F.H. Froes, JOM 52, 28 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. T. Vilaro, C. Colin, and J.D. Bartout, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 42, 3190 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. B. Vrancken, L. Thijs, J.-P. Kruth, and J. Van Humbeeck, J. Alloys Compd. 541, 177 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. M.K.E. Ramosoeu, G. Booysen, T.N. Ngonda, and H.K. Chikwanda, Mater. Sci. Technol. 2, 1460 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  50. C. Qiu, G.A. Ravi, C. Dance, A. Ranson, S. Dilworth, and M.M. Attallah, J. Alloys Compd. 629, 351 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. G.P. Dinda, A.K. Dasgupta, and J. Mazumder, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 509, 98 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. J. Alcisto, A. Enriquez, H. Garcia, S. Hinkson, T. Steelman, E. Silverman, P. Valdovino, H. Gigerenzer, J. Foyos, J. Ogren, J. Dorey, K. Karg, T. McDonald, and O.S. Es-Said, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 20, 203 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. S. Leuders, T. Lieneke, S. Lammers, T. Tröster, and T. Niendorf, J. Mater. Res. 29, 1911 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. R.K. Nalla, B.L. Boyce, J.P. Campbell, J.O. Peters, and R.O. Ritchie, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33, 899 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. D.N. Mohamed, T. Robert, and B. Thorsten, 1019, 248 (2014).

  56. L. Bian, S.M. Thompson, and N. Shamsaei, JOM 67, 629 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. J. Yu, M. Rombouts, G. Maes, and F. Motmans, Phys. Procedia 39, 416 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. http://www.optomec.com/3d-Printed-Metals/lens-Materials/ (2015). Accessed 15 Nov 2015.

  59. M.K.E. Ramosoeu, G. Booysen, T.N. Ngonda, and C. Bloemfontein, Materials Science and Technology Conference (Columbus, October 16–20, 2011).

  60. EOS, Material Data Sheet EOS Titanium Ti64 (2011).

  61. M.L. Griffith, M.T. Ensz, J.D. Puskar, C.V. Robino, J.A. Brooks, J.A. Philliber, J.E. Smugeresky, and W.H. Hofmeister, MRS Proceeding 625 (2000).

  62. G.K. Lewis and E. Schlienger, Mater. Des. 21, 417 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Science Foundation through Award Number CMMI-1402978. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Allison M. Beese & Beth E. Carroll

Authors
  1. Allison M. Beese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Beth E. Carroll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Allison M. Beese.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Beese, A.M., Carroll, B.E. Review of Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Made by Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing Using Powder Feedstock. JOM 68, 724–734 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1759-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1759-z

Search

Navigation