Abstract
Arthropod–plant interactions are vital in agriculture and pharmacology. However, enhancement and quantification of plant cell behavioural activity is still a challenge. Therefore, the finding of chitosan-induced anti-fungal activity in plants suggested a promising potential. Consequently, we treated autotroph and heterotroph Chenopodium rubrum L. cell cultures with chitosan to test behavioural activity with Tenebrio molitor L. larvae. We found chitosans to enhance repelling, depending on low molecular weight, partial degree of deacetylation, plant cell type and age. These effects of chitosans were compared with abiotic stresses induced by salt, osmotic changes and heat shock, collecting data of six plant cell samples, 18 plant cell treatments, 6,912 larvae and 8,424 analyses of regression and variance. Behavioural activity was quantified by linear, multivariate and nonlinear approaches, testing an exponential model in 78 segments of 5 h time kinetics. Thereby, we introduced a sensitive, low-cost bio-assay and a preference index constant as a measure of transient behaviour. Multivariate analyses revealed the five principal factors to enhance the behavioural activity in plant cells: (1) salt-osmo-sensor, (2) high molecular weight chitosan sensor, (3) acetic acid-antagonized low molecular weight chitosan sensor, (4) heat shock sensor and (5) mannitol-sensitive chitosan sensor. Thus, we suggest the independent factors (1)–(5) for the management of insect pests by autotroph and heterotroph plant materials.
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Abbreviations
- AAACS:
-
Acetic acid-antagonized chitosan sensor
- A30, A60, A90:
-
Autotroph cells 30, 60, 90 days after subculture
- b :
-
Time constant
- DD:
-
Degree of deacetylation
- H4, H11, H14:
-
Heterotroph cells 4, 11, 14 days after subculture
- HMWCS:
-
High molecular weight chitosan sensor
- HSS:
-
Heat shock sensor
- K PI :
-
Preference index constant
- MANCS:
-
Mannitol-sensitive chitosan sensor
- n +, n − :
-
Number of larvae in plant cell-containing, cell-free half of olfactometry field
- O70, O80, O90:
-
Oligomer chitosan 30, 45, 110 kDa, all DD > 90 %
- O70C, O80C, O90C:
-
Control for solvent of oligomer chitosan 50, 75, 183 μM acetic acid
- OS200, OS650:
-
Osmotic stress mannitol 200, 650 mM
- P, P(b), P(K PI), P(r):
-
Significance of variance analysis, b, K PI, r
- P70, P80, P90:
-
Polymer chitosan 400, 530, 450 kDa, DD 75–80, 80–90, > 90 %
- P70C, P80C, P90C:
-
Control for solvent of polymer chitosan 666, 881, 749 μM acetic acid
- PI:
-
Preference index, negative repelling, positive attracting
- PI-3, PI-5:
-
Average PI in 3 h, in 5 h
- r, r-3, r-5:
-
Pearson’s correlation coefficient, during 3 h, during 5 h
- RR:
-
Repelling ranking of plant cell treatment, 1 most repelling, 18 most attracting
- S100, S250:
-
Salt stress NaCl 100, 250 mM
- t :
-
Time
- SOS:
-
Salt-osmo-sensor
- T :
-
Period of exponential decay with significant b
- T22, T37:
-
Temperature treatment 5 min 22 °C, 37 °C
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Acknowledgments
We thank Assist. Prof. Rath Pichyangkura, the Center of Chitin-Chitosan Biomaterial, Metallurgy and Materials Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, for chitosans. This work was partially supported by the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand (to A.C.).
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Wongchai, C., Chaidee, A. & Pfeiffer, W. Enhancement and quantification of repellent activity in Chenopodium cells. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 7, 69–82 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-012-9221-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-012-9221-4