Abstract
This paper proposes a reversible data hiding scheme for natural images. A hybrid prediction mechanism is utilized in order to produce prediction errors as many as possible. The cover image excluding a seed pixel is partitioned into four non-overlapping segments, and four predictors are tailored for each of them. As a result, most prediction errors concentrate around zero in prediction error histogram. Besides, an interleaving histogram modification mechanism is presented such that the capacity is enhanced and easier to be finely tuned in contrast to some previous approaches. Third, a single seed pixel recovery strategy is introduced. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
The top-most row pixels of I except the left-and-top-most one
- B :
-
The left-most column pixels of I except the left-and-top-most one
- b i , −255 ≤ i ≤255:
-
The i-th of histogram bin
- C :
-
The right-most column pixels of I except the top-most one belonging to A
- Cap:
-
The hiding capacity
- D :
-
The rest pixels of cover image except A, B, C, and S
- EL:
-
The embedding level
- e :
-
The prediction error between p and p c
- e′:
-
The modified error after histogram bins empty
- e′′:
-
The modified error after data embedding
- F :
-
The flooring operator
- h i , −255 ≤ i ≤255:
-
The height of b i
- I :
-
The cover image
- I p :
-
The predicted image of I
- I w :
-
The watermarked image of I
- n i , 1 ≤ i ≤8:
-
The neighbor pixels of p
- p :
-
The current processing pixel
- p c :
-
The predicted pixel
- p s :
-
The seed pixel
- p w :
-
The watermarked pixel
- r em :
-
The round of data embedding
- r ex :
-
The round of data extraction
- S :
-
The trigger pixel, that is, the left-and-top-most pixel of the cover image
- W :
-
The watermark data
- w :
-
The current processing watermark bit
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Luo, H., Yu, FX., Huang, ZL. et al. Reversible data hiding based on hybrid prediction and interleaving histogram modification with single seed pixel recovery. SIViP 8, 813–818 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-012-0306-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-012-0306-4