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Walking the Land: Aboriginal Trails, Cultural Landscapes, and Archaeological Studies for Impact Assessment

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Abstract

Aboriginal people have occupied northern Alberta since the end of the last ice age. For most of that time they travelled across the land by foot, producing complex networks of trails, many of which may have great antiquity. Aboriginal people also modified the landscape extensively by the use of controlled burning. Lastly, they are immersed in and “read” the land as places with multiple cultural meanings, which in turn helped shape their cultures and identities. Together, these elements indicate the existence of a series of overlapping cultural landscapes for which the cross-country trails and waterways provide the grid. This article addresses the importance of traditional trails for identifying the cultural landscapes of northeastern Alberta and points to the rapid disappearance today of knowledge about such trails. It considers how archaeological investigations done in Alberta for Impact Assessment purposes fail to consider either trails or cultural landscapes in their surveys or to consult with Aboriginal people. As a result, government Review Panels making recommendations for whether or not an industrial project should be approved are basing their findings on incomplete information about Aboriginal land uses and meanings.

Résumé

Des peuples autochtones occupent le nord de l’Alberta depuis la fin de la dernière ère glaciaire. Durant ce temps, ils ont principalement voyagé à pied, produisant des réseaux complexes de sentiers, dont plusieurs pourraient comporter de magnifiques antiquités. Les peuples autochtones ont aussi fortement modifié le paysage par l’usage de brûlage dirigé. Ils sont enfin plongés dans le territoire et le «lisent» comme un lieu composé de significations culturelles multiples, lesquelles définissent en retour leur culture et leur identité. Ensemble, ces éléments démontrent l’existence d’une série de paysages culturels en chevauchement pour lesquels les sentiers et cours d’eau du pays jouent le rôle de grille. Le présent article traite de l’importance des sentiers traditionnels dans l’identification des paysages culturels du nord-est de l’Alberta et pointe vers la disparition rapide des connaissances actuelles sur lesdits sentiers. Il considère la façon dont les travaux archéologiques réalisés en Alberta aux fins d’évaluation des impacts manquent de tenir compte de ces sentiers ou paysages culturels dans leurs enquêtes, voire de consulter les peuples autochtones. Conséquemment, les comités de révision gouvernementaux qui proposent des recommandations pour l’approbation ou non de projet industriel fondent leurs résultats sur de l’information incomplète sur les usages et significations autochtones du territoire.

Resumen

Los pueblos aborígenes han ocupado el norte de Alberta desde el final de la última edad de hielo. Durante la mayor parte de ese tiempo, recorrieron todas las tierras a pie, produciendo complejas redes de senderos, muchos de los cuales pueden tener una gran antigüedad. Los pueblos aborígenes también modificaron el paisaje de manera extensa mediante el uso de quemas controladas. Finalmente, se sumergieron “leyeron” la tierra como lugares con múltiples significados culturales, que a su vez ayudaron a dar forma a sus culturas e identidades. Juntos, estos elementos indican la existencia de una serie de paisajes culturales que se solapan para los que los senderos campo a través y las vías navegables proporcionan el entramado. El presente artículo aborda la importancia de los senderos tradicionales para identificar los paisajes culturales del nordeste de Alberta y señala la rápida desaparición en la actualidad del conocimiento sobre dichos senderos. Considera que las investigaciones arqueológicas realizadas en Alberta con fines de Evaluación del Impacto no consideran tanto los senderos como los paisajes culturales en sus estudios o no consultan a los pueblo aborígenes. Como resultado, los Paneles de Revisión gubernamentales que realizan recomendaciones sobre si un proyecto industrial debería ser aprobado o no están basando sus hallazgos en información incompleta sobre los significados y usos de la tierra aborígenes.

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McCormack, P.A. Walking the Land: Aboriginal Trails, Cultural Landscapes, and Archaeological Studies for Impact Assessment. Arch 13, 110–135 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-017-9309-7

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